Research Article

A Comparative Study of the Bias Correction Methods for Differential Item Functioning Analysis in Logistic Regression with Rare Events Data

Table 2

Type I error rate of different methods of estimation under different combinations.

ItemRatioNDIF: 0.4DIF: 0.8
τ: 0.156τ: 0.069τ: 0.156τ: 0.069
MLPMLWLRMLPMLWLRMLPMLWLRMLPMLWLR

5nf = nr2000.070.050.020.070.050.010.070.050.030.070.050.01
6000.050.040.030.050.030.010.080.060.050.060.040.01
10000.070.050.040.060.040.010.110.080.080.060.050.01

5nf = 2nr2000.070.050.030.070.050.010.080.060.040.070.050.01
6000.060.040.020.040.040.010.080.060.050.050.040.01
10000.060.050.030.050.040.010.110.090.070.060.040.01

5nf = 3nr2000.060.040.030.050.040.010.070.050.040.060.040.01
6000.070.050.030.070.050.010.080.060.040.070.050.01
10000.070.060.040.060.040.010.090.070.070.060.050.01

15nf = nr2000.050.030.020.050.030.010.050.030.020.050.030.01
6000.050.040.020.050.040.010.060.040.030.050.040.01
10000.050.050.030.050.050.010.050.050.030.050.050.01

15nf = 2nr2000.070.050.030.060.050.010.070.050.030.070.050.01
6000.060.040.030.060.050.010.060.050.030.060.050.01
10000.040.040.020.040.030.010.050.040.020.040.040.01

15nf = 3nr2000.060.050.020.060.050.010.060.050.020.060.050.01
6000.050.050.020.050.040.010.050.050.020.050.050.01
10000.050.040.020.050.040.010.050.040.020.050.040.01

Note. Ratio: sample size ratio between the reference and focal groups. nr and nf represent sample sizes in reference and focal groups, respectively. N = total sample size; N = nr + nf. τ: the fraction of 1s in the population. DIF: differential item functioning; ML: maximum likelihood; PML: penalized maximum likelihood; WLR: Weighted Logistic Regression. Near to 0.01.