Systematic Investigation of Polyurethane Biomaterial Surface Roughness on Human Immune Responses in vitro

Figure 2

SEM micrographs of polyurethane samples with different roughness. (a-c) P0; (d-f) P4; (g-i) P7. At low magnification, the roughness corresponds well to the expected degree of roughness. However, samples additionally show features of nanoscale topographies such as elevations, dips, or protrusions that do not correlate with levels of micro roughness. Magnification increases from left to right in the figure. P0, P4, and P7 represent polyurethane surfaces with increasing roughness.