Chemerin: A Potential Regulator of Inflammation and Metabolism for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Figure 2

Roles of chemerin in chronic inflammation. (a) Stimulation of chronic inflammation by chemerin. The presence of neutrophils induces the formation of chemerin homologues, which recruit the local aggregation of additional inflammatory cells. This affects vascular remodeling by acting on vascular endothelial cells. These chemerin isomers further recruited antigen-presenting cells and neutrophils. Antigen-presenting cells initiate further immune responses. (b) Inhibition of inflammation by chemerin. Several serine proteases (tryptase) produce chemerin homologues with anti-inflammatory activities. These molecules change the polarity of macrophages and induce their anti-inflammatory effects. Meanwhile, they inhibit the aggregation of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and activate NK cells to promote the dissipation of inflammation. Abbreviation: NEs: neutrophils; Mφ: macrophages; NKs: natural killer cells.

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