Chemerin: A Potential Regulator of Inflammation and Metabolism for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Figure 4

Exercise-induced chemerin signaling may mediate pulmonary rehabilitation. The beneficial effects of exercise on inflammation, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism may be achieved by altered expression of chemerin. Different chemerin isoforms are likely to exhibit either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory roles, while exercise may selectively inhibit the proinflammatory effects and promote the expression of anti-inflammatory forms of chemerin. Exercise may also improve glucose metabolism via interactions of the chemerin and insulin signaling pathways. Finally, exercise improves lipid metabolism by effects on adipocyte differentiation and immune reaction. The regulation of exercise on chemerin may be related to the effect of exercise on fat and insulin. Wnt and PPARγ may be involved in the regulation mechanism of exercise on chemerin. Abbreviation: BMI: body mass index; BW: body weight; TC: total cholesterol; IR: insulin resistance; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RXR: retinoid X receptor; NEs: neutrophils; Mφ: macrophages; NKs: natural killer cells; DCs: dendritic cells; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.