Association between Gout, Urate-Lowering Therapy, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 3

Incidence, crude, and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared among gout patients with and without antigout treatment compared to nongout controls.

Variables		Event	PY	Rate^#	Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^† (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^† (95% CI)
Nongout controls	69,326	2,530	572,908	4.42	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Gout without the following antigout treatment	21,291	1,556	159,672	9.74	2.17 (2.04, 2.31)	1.39 (1.30, 1.48)	1 (reference)
Gout with antigout treatment
Febuxostat	248	0	2,475	0.00	—	—	0.04 (0.01, 0.17)
Probenecid	357	22	3,648	6.03	1.45 (0.95, 2.20)	0.92 (0.61, 1.41)	0.80 (0.64, 1.00)
Sulfinpyrazone	2,281	74	20,757	3.57	0.82 (0.65, 1.04)	0.63 (0.50, 0.79)	0.57 (0.51, 0.64)
Allopurinol	10,247	432	94,179	4.59	1.07 (0.96, 1.18)	0.83 (0.75, 0.92)	0.57 (0.54, 0.61)
Benzbromarone	23,109	1,306	193,304	6.76	1.53 (1.43, 1.64)	1.05 (0.98, 1.12)	0.89 (0.86, 0.93)
Colchicine	11,793	633	89,618	7.06	1.57 (1.43, 1.71)	1.24 (1.13, 1.35)	0.72 (0.68, 0.76)

^#Rate: incidence rate, per 1,000 person-years; crude HR: crude hazard ratio. ^†Adjusted HR: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, alcohol-related illness, and asthma. ; ; .