Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Typhoid: Evolution, Prevention, and Its Management

Table 1

Treatment options for MDR and XDR typhoid in Pakistan.

Antibiotic	Route of administration	Typhoid susceptibility
		MDR	XDR
Chloramphenicol	Oral, intravenous	No	No
Co-trimoxazole	Oral, intravenous	No	No
Ampicillin	Oral, intramuscular, intravenous	No	No
Ciprofloxacin	Oral, intravenous	Yes	No
Ceftriaxone	Intramuscular, intravenous	Yes	No
Azithromycin	Oral	Yes	Yes
Meropenem	Intravenous	Yes	Yes
Tigecycline	Intravenous	Yes	Yes

MDR: multidrug resistance; XDR: extensively drug-resistant.