The Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio as a New Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients with CS between three NPAR groups.

Characteristics	Total	Group I (	Group II ()	Group III ()	value
Number	891	325	397	169
Demographics
Age, years	71.8 (61.6-80.8)	68.2 (58.9-80.2)	73.0 (62.9-81.2)	74.1 (65.1-80.6)	0.004
Sex, male	532 (59.7%)	182 (56.0%)	250 (63.0%)	100 (59.2%)	0.162
Smoking	463 (52.0%)	165 (50.8%)	218 (54.9%)	80 (47.3%)	0.221
BMI, kg/m^2	27.6 (23.8-31.6)	27.7 (23.8-31.8)	27.7 (23.6-31.8)	27.5 (23.9-30.2)	0.618
Etiology					<0.001
AMI	671 (75.4%)	215 (66.2%)	312 (78.6%)	144 (85.2%)
AHF	179 (20.1%)	89 (27.4%)	73 (18.4%)	17 (10.1%)
Others/unknown	41 (4.5%)	21 (6.5%)	12 (3.0%)	8 (4.7%)
History of disease
CHF	190 (21.3%)	92 (28.3%)	79 (19.9%)	19 (11.2%)	0.002
AF	431 (48.4%)	140 (43.1%)	198 (49.9%)	93 (55.0%)	0.030
CAD	472 (53.0%)	184 (56.6%)	206 (51.9%)	82 (48.5%)	0.196
Hypertension	177 (19.9%)	64 (19.7%)	88 (22.2%)	25 (14.8%)	0.131
Stroke	26 (2.9%)	14 (4.3%)	11 (2.8%)	1 (0.6%)	0.057
COPD	23 (2.6%)	4 (1.23%)	10 (2.5%)	9 (5.3%)	0.031
DM	332 (37.3%)	126 (38.8%)	148 (37.3%)	58 (34.3%)	0.624
CKD	240 (26.9%)	81 (24.9%)	121 (30.5%)	38 (22.5%)	0.086
Vital signs at presentation
SBP, mmHg	77.0 (67.0-86.0)	77.0 (67.0-87.0)	77.0 (68.0-86.0)	77.0 (65.0-85.0)	0.236
DBP, mmHg	46.0 (38.3-52.0)	46.0 (38.0-52.0)	46.0 (37.0-52.0)	44.0 (36.0-51.0)	0.704
HR, beats/min	99.0 (84.0-116.0)	97.0 (82.0-113.0)	101.0 (85.0-115.0)	101.0 (84.0-118.0)	0.194
SpO2, %	92.0 (88.0-95.0)	93.0 (88.0-95.0)	92.0 (87.0-95.0)	92.0 (88.0-95.0)	0.148
Laboratory findings and blood gas analysis
Neutrophil percentage, %	82.8 (75.0-88.0)	75.8 (68.0-84.2)	84.0 (78.6-88.4)	87.8 (82.5-91.2)	<0.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.0 (2.6-3.4)	3.5 (3.1-3.7)	2.900 (2.6-3.1)	2.4 (2.2-2.6)	<0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L	1.3 (0.9-2.2)	1.2 (0.9-2.0)	1.4 (1.0-2.3)	1.40 (1.0-2.2)	0.043
Glucose, mg/dL	113.0 (92.0-139.5)	110.0 (91.0-135.0)	112.0 (93.0-140.0)	119.0 (92.0-143.0)	0.327
BUN, mg/dL	29.0 (19.0-47.0)	25.0 (18.0-45.0)	29.0 (20.0-50.0)	32.0 (20.0-45.0)	0.024
Hemoglobin, g/dL	9.80 (8.40-11.30)	10.300 (8.6-11.8)	9.600 (8.4-11.0)	9.5 (8.2-10.7)	0.002
Platelet, 10^9/L	187.00 (132.0-253.0)	182.0 (136.0-243.0)	192.0 (135.0-264.0)	181.0 (126.0-242.0)	0.249
WBC, 10^9/L	14.90 (11.10-19.50)	13.7 (10.2-18.2)	15.9 (11.9-20.2)	15.4 (12.0-19.8)	<0.001
cTnT, ng/mL	1.04 (0.12-4.67)	0.8 (0.1-3.8)	1.2 (0.2-5.0)	1.0 (0.1-5.7)	0.052
Bicarbonate, mmol/L	20.0 (17.0-23.0)	21.0 (18.0-24.0)	20.0 (17.0-23.0)	18.0 (15.0-22.0)	<0.001
Potassium, mmol/L	3.70 (3.40-4.20)	3.7 (3.4-4.1)	3.8 (3.4-4.2)	3.7 (3.3-4.3)	0.374
Sodium, mmol/L	135.00 (132.00-138.00)	135.0 (133.0-138.0)	135.0 (132.0-138.0)	135.0 (132.0-138.0)	0.635
Chloride, mmol/L	101.00 (97.00-105.00)	101.0 (98.0-105.0)	101.0 (97.0-105.0)	102.0 (98.0-106.0)	0.121
Lactate, mmol/L	3.30 (1.90-6.10)	3.0 (1.6-5.6)	3.3 (1.9-6.1)	3.8 (2.2-6.3)	0.010
Anion gap, mmol/L	14.0 (12.0-17.0)	14.0 (12.0-16.0)	14.0 (12.0-17.0)	15.0 (12.0-17.0)	0.027
APTT, second	32.7 (27.9-41.2)	31.9 (26.9-38.6)	33.2 (28.0-43.0)	34.7 (29.5-43.3)	0.002
PT, second	14.5 (13.2-17.5)	14.2 (13.0-15.9)	14.6 (13.3-17.6)	15.4 (13.5-18.9)	<0.001
INR	1.3 (1.2-1.7)	1.3 (1.1-1.5)	1.3 (1.2-1.7)	1.4 (1.2-1.8)	<0.001
Scoring system
OASIS	37.0 (31.0-43.0)	34.0 (27.0-40.0)	38.0 (32.0-43.0)	41.0 (36.0-47.0)	<0.001
SOFA	7.0 (4.0-9.0)	6.0 (4.0-9.0)	7.0 (5.0-10.0)	8.0 (6.0-10.0)	<0.001
SAPS II	47.0 (37.0-56.0)	42.0 (32.0-52.0)	48.0 (39.0-58.0)	51.0 (44.0-59.0)	<0.001
In-hospital management
Oxygen therapy	670 (75.2%)	217 (66.8%)	307 (77.3%)	146 (86.4%)	<0.001
PCI	502 (56.3%)	179 (55.1%)	228 (57.4%)	95 (56.2%)	0.594
CABG	119 (13.4%)	64 (19.7%)	44 (11.1%)	11 (6.5%)	<0.001
IABP	9 (1.0%)	1 (0.3%)	5 (1.3%)	3 (1.8%)	0.196
RRT	175 (19.6%)	53 (16.3%)	83 (20.9%)	39 (23.1%)	0.138
In-hospital medication
Inotrope	352 (39.5%)	121 (37.2%)	151 (38.0%)	80 (47.3%)	0.067
Vasoconstrictor	651 (73.1%)	218 (67.1%)	296 (74.6%)	137 (81.1%)	0.003

Abbreviation: NPAR: neutrophil percentage-albumin ratio; BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AHF: acute heart failure; CHF: chronic heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SpO2: pulse oximetry-derived oxygen saturation; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; WBC: white blood cell; cTnT: cardiac troponin t; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: prothrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; OASIS: Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; IABP: intraaortic balloon pump; RRT: renal replacement treatment.