| | Variable | Group A (RIRS) | Group B (MPCNL) | value | | 28 patients | 56 patients |
| | Fluoroscopy time (min), mean (SD), range | 1.6 (0.5), 0.8-3.5 | 4.4 (2.1), 2-10 | <0.001 | | Operative time (min), mean (SD), range | 72.4 (21.3), 42-106 | 67.4 (25), 44-114 | 0.042 | | Hospitalization stay (days), mean (SD), range | 4.3 (2.9), 2-10 | 6.1 (3.2), 2-20 | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin drop (g/dL), mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.21), 0.1-0.7 | 1.9 (1.3), 0.5-4 | <0.001 | | Complication (modified Clavien classification), no. (%) | 6 (21.4%) | 13 (23.2%) | 0.854 | | Grade I | 3 | 8 | | | Fever | 2 | 5 | | | Emesis | 1 | 3 | | | Grade II | 1 | 4 | | | Infection | 1 | 2 | | | Blood transfusion | 0 | 2 | | | Grade IIIa | 1 | 1 | | | Perforation | 1 | 1 | | | Grade IIIb | 1 | 0 | | | Steinstrasse | 1 | 0 | | | Pain visual analogue score (1–10), mean (SD), range | | | | | At 6 h | 3.3 (1.3), 2-5 | 5.4 (1.1), 4-8 | <0.001 | | At 24 h | 2.0 (0.9), 2-5 | 4.2 (1.2), 3-8 | <0.001 | | At 48 h | 1.1 (0.3), 1-3 | 2.8 (1.4), 1-5 | <0.001 | | Postoperative analgesics (diclofenac sodium), no. (%) | 4 (14.3%) | 23 (41.1%) | 0.013 | | Initial stone-free rate, no. (%) | 14 (50%) | 41 (73.2%) | 0.035 | | Final stone-free rate, no. (%) | 25 (89.3%) | 52 (92.9%) | 0.681 | | Residual size (mm), mean (SD), range | 21.1 (1.3), 15-22 | 25.1 (2.4), 13-23 | 0.06 | | Auxiliary procedures, no. (%) | 12 (42.9%) | 14 (25%) | 0.095 | | Second-stage RIRS | 12 | | | | Second-look PCNL+RIRS | | 14 | | | Procedure per patient, mean (SD), range | 1.43 (0.48), 1-2 | 1.25 (0.44), 1-2 | 0.255 | | Stone composition, no. (%) | | | 0.8 | | Calcium oxalate | 11 (39.3%) | 28 (50%) | | | Calcium oxalate and phosphate | 6 (21.4%) | 11 (19.6%) | | | Uric acid | 4 (14.3%) | 7 (12.5%) | | | Struvite | 7 (25%) | 10 (17.9%) | |
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