Learning Curve and Clinical Outcome of Biportal Endoscopic-Assisted Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Figure 1

Intraoperative endoscopic views of the disc space. (a) Double-ended elevator used to denude the superior endplate of the caudal vertebra. (b) Denuded inferior endplate of the cranial vertebra. (c) Denuded superior and inferior endplates of the disc space (caudally tilted view). (d) Denuded superior and inferior endplate of the disc space (cranially tilted view).

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(b)

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