Delayed Onset Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma after Lumbar Spinal Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes
Table 1
Comparison of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors among three groups.
Group A (early onset)
Group B (delayed onset)
Group C (control group)
Preoperative factors
Age (years)
0.72
0.44
0.22
Sex (male/female)
15/17
8/7
88/53
0.11
0.49
0.68
BMI(kg/m2)
<0.05
0.32
0.18
Anticoagulation
4 (12.50%)
1 (6.67%)
6 (4.26%)
0.09
0.51
1.00
Nonsteroidal drug
18 (56.25%)
10 (66.67%)
88 (62.41%)
0.52
0.50
0.27
Hypertension
17 (53.13%)
6 (40%)
50 (35.46%)
0.064
0.73
0.40
Hypertension treatment
10 (31.25%)
3 (20%)
49 (34.75%)
0.71
0.25
0.42
Coronary disease
8 (25.00%)
2 (13.33%)
27 (19.14%)
0.47
0.74
0.47
Cerebral infarction
3 (9.38%)
1 (6.67%)
5 (3.55%)
0.17
0.46
1.00
Diabetes (%)
6 (18.75%)
1 (6.67%)
13 (9.22%)
0.13
0.74
0.28
Smoking or drinking
2
0
12
1.00
0.61
1.00
Previous spinal surgery at the same level (%)
4 (12.50%)
4 (26.67%)
8 (5.67%)
0.24
0.018
0.25
Course of the disease (years)
0.96
0.36
0.53
Lumbar lordosis (°)
0.63
0.042
0.18
Local lordosis angle (°)
0.92
0.55
0.75
Perioperative factors
Multilevel procedure (%)
24 (75.00%)
6 (40.00%)
56 (39.72%)
<0.05
0.98
0.02
Estimated blood loss (mL)
0.39
0.51
0.22
Duration of surgery (min)
0.37
0.24
0.58
Dural tear (%)
4 (12.5%)
1 (6.67%)
8 (5.67%)
0.25
1.00
1.00
Gelfoam dural coverage (%)
21 (65.63%)
11 (73.33%)
72 (51.06%)
0.14
0.10
0.74
Number of drainage tube (number)
0.93
0.69
0.76
Postoperative factors
Increase of SBP after extubation (mmHg)
0.015
0.019
0.64
Increase of DBP after extubation (mmHg)
0.005
0.28
0.57
≥50 mmHg increase in SBP after extubation (%)
6 (18.8%)
2 (13.3%)
15 (10.6%)
0.23
0.67
1.00
Drainage (mL)
<0.05
0.41
0.004
Values in bold indicates value < 0.05, which is considered as significance difference. BMI: body mass index. Multilevel procedure was defined as a surgical procedure involved more than one intervertebral disc. Increase of blood pressure after extubation was calculated as difference between average intraoperative blood pressure and highest blood pressure after extubation before back to wards.
