Pharmacologic Activities of Plant-Derived Natural Products on Respiratory Diseases and Inflammations

Table 2

Plant-derived compounds associated with respiratory inflammation.

S.N.	Constituents	Plant origin	Doses	Inflammagen used	References
Alkaloids
1.	Warifteine	Cissampelos sympodialis	2 mg/kg	OVA-induced	[74]
2.	Colchicine	Colchicum autumnale	0.25-0.5 mg/kg	Idiopathetic pulmonary fibrosis	[73]
3.	Imperialine	Fritillaria cirrhosa	3.5-7 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke or LPS	[75]
4.	Piperine	Piper longum	2.25-4.5 mg/kg	Ovalbumin	[67]
5.	Cepharanthine	Stephania cepharantha	5 mg/kg	LPS	[76]
6.	Nimbandiol	Azadirachta indica	(in silico)	—	[77]
7.	Vasicine	Peganum harmala	45 mg/kg	Ammonia liquor, capsaicin, and citric acid	[78]
8.	Vasicinone
9.	Deoxyvasicine
Cannabinoids
10.	Cannabidiol	Cannabis sativa	20 mg/kg	LPS	[79, 80]
Flavonoids
11.	Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone)	Alpinia katsumadai	20-50 mg/kg	LPS	[81]
12.	Naringenin	Prunus persica	15-100 mg/kg	LPS, Staphylococcus aureus	[82, 83]
13.	Naringenin	Vitis vinifera	100-200 mg/kg	Radiations (γ-ray)	[84]
14.	Alpinetin	Alpinia katsumadai	50 mg/kg	LPS	[85]
15.	Eriodictyol	Dracocephalum rupestre	30 mg/kg	LPS	[86]
16.	Licorice flavonoid (liquiritin)	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	30 mg/kg	LPS	[87]
17.	Isoliquiritigenin (ILG)	Glycyrrhiza glabra	10-30 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke	[88]
18.	Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis	20-80 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke-induced (rat model)/ovalbumin (OVA)/influenza H1N1	[89–91]
19.	Oroxylin A
20.	Wogonin
21.	Chrysin
22.	Moracins	Morus alba	20-60 mg/kg	LPS	[92]
23.	Sakuranetin	Baccharis retusa	20 mg/kg	Elastase-induced emphysema	[62]
24.	Schaftoside	Eleusine indica	0.4 mg/kg	LPS	[93]
25.	Kuwanone E	Morus alba	200–400 mg/kg	LPS	[61]
26.	Kuwanone G
27.	Norartocarpanone
28.	Luteolin	Mosla chinensis	288-576 mg/kg	LPS	[94]
29.	Mosla scabra flavonoids	Mosla scabra	30-90 mg/kg	LPS	[95–97]
30.	Apigenin	Allium cepa, Citrus X sinensis	10-20 mg/kg	LPS	[98]
31.	Myricetin	Abelmoschus moschatus	100 mg/kg	Bleomycin	[99]
32.	Icariin	Epimedium brevicornu	—	Ova-induced	[100]
33.	Fisetin	Cucurbita pepo	1-3 mg/kg	Ova-induced	[101, 102]
Glycosides
34.	Vitexin	Leaf of Crataegus	10 mg/kg	LPS	[103]
35.	Hyperin	Houttuynia cordata	50-200 mg/kg	Influenza virus H1N1	[104]
36.	Quercitrin	Houttuynia cordata	100 mg/kg	LPS/influenza virus H1N1	[104, 105]
37.	Picroside II	Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora	0.5-1 mg/kg	LPS	[106]
Lignans
38.	Magnolol	Magnolia officinalis	5-20 mg/kg	LPS	[107]
39.	Phillyrin	Forsythia suspensa	10-20 mg/kg	LPS	[108]
40.	Columbianadin	Angelica decursiva	20–60 mg/kg	LPS	[68]
41.	Schisantherin A	Schisandra sphenanthera	40 mg/kg	LPS	[109]
42.	Schisantherin B	Schisandra chinensis	15-60 mg/kg	OVA-induced	[110]
Macromolecular polymer
43.	Lipopolysaccharides	Houttuynia cordata	40-160 mg/kg	LPS	[111]
44.	Polysaccharides	Houttuynia cordata	20-40 mg/kg	Influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1	[112]
Polyphenols
45.	Resveratrol		50 mg/kg	OVA-induced allergy	[65, 113]
46.	Luteolin	Lonicera japonica	18–70 μmol/kg	LPS	[66]
47.	Curcumin	Curcuma longa	150 mg/kg	Klebsiella pneumoniae	[63, 64]
Saponins
48.	Lugrandoside	Digitalis lutea and Digitalis grandiflora	10-30 mg/kg	LPS	[114]
49.	Ginsenosides	Panax ginseng	20 mg/kg	LPS	[115]
50.	Methyl protodioscin	Asparagus cochinchinensis	30-60 mg/kg	LPS	[116]
51.	Glycyrrhizin	Glycyrrhiza glabra	2.5-20 mg/kg	OVA-induced allergy	[69, 70]
52.	Mogroside V	Momordica grosvenori	2.5-10 mg/kg	LPS	[117]
53.	Hederacoside C	Hedera helix	50 mg/kg	S. aureus	[118, 119]
54.	Platycodin D	Platycodon grandiflorum	50-100 mg/kg	LPS	[120]
55.	Rhodiocyanoside A	Rhodiola rosea	200-800 mg/kg	Cigratte smoke and LPS	[121]
56.	Stevioside	Stevia rebaudiana	12.5-50 mg/kg	LPS	[122]
57.	Hesperidine	Mentha piperita	(in silico)	—	[123]
Terpenoids
58.	Patchouli alcohol	Pogostemon cablin	10-40 mg/kg	LPS	[124]
59.	Pogostone	Pogostemon cablin	10-40 mg/kg	LPS	[125]
60.	Andrographolide	Andrographis paniculata	0.1-1 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke (CS)	[126–128]
61.	Geraniol	Citrus X lemon, rosa, Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Citrus X sinensis	12.5-50 mg/kg	LPS	[129, 130]
62.	Carvacrol	Plectranthus amboinicus, Zataria multiflora	20-80 mg/kg	LPS	[131, 132]
63.	Isoforskolin	Coleus forskohlii	5-20 mg/kg	LPS	[133]
64.	Sclareol	Salvia sclarea	2.5-10 mg/kg	LPS	[134]
65.	Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii	5-15 μg/kg	LPS	[135]
66.	Thymoquinone	Nigella sativa	5-10 mg/kg	LPS	[136]
67.	Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	20-40 mg/kg	LPS	[137]
68.	β-Patchoulene	Pogostemon cablin	10 mg/kg	LPS	[138]
69.	Taraxasterol	Taraxacum officinale	2.5-10 mg/kg	LPS	[139]
70.	1,8-Cineol	Eucalyptus globulus	10^-4 M	LPS	[113]
71.	Fridelin	Euphorbia nerifolia	5 μg/mL	COVID-19	[140]
72.	Asiatic acid	Centellae asiaticae herba	25-100 mg/kg	LPS	[141, 142]
Others
73.	Mangiferin	Mangifera indica	0.45-4.5 mg/kg	LPS	[143]
74.	Ergosterol	Scleroderma polyrhizum	25-50 mg/kg	LPS	[144]
75.	Crytotanshinone	Salvia miltiorrhiza	10-40 mg/kg	LPS	[145]
76.	Prime-O-glucosylcimifugin	Saposhnikovia divaricata	2.5-10 mg/kg	LPS	[146]
77.	Usnic acid	Lichen spp.	50-100 mg/kg	LPS	[147]
78.	Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	12.5-50 mg/kg	LPS	[148, 149]
79.	Linalool	Aromatic plant	10-40 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke	[150]
80.	Zingerone	Zingiber officinale	10-40 mg/kg	LPS	[151]
81.	Paeonol	Paeonia suffruticosa	10 mg/day	Cigarette smoke (CS)	[152]
82.	Acteoside	Rehmannia glutinosa	30-60 mg/kg	LPS	[153]
83.	Forsythiaside A	Forsythia suspensa	15-60 mg/kg	Cigarette smoke	[154]
84.	Chloroform	Pyrossia lingua	2378 μg/mL	COVID-19	[140]
85.	3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Lonicera japonica	68.3 μM	Virus	[155]