Screening of Altered Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways in Celiac Disease Using NMR Spectroscopy
Table 2
Differential serum metabolites between CeD samples and healthy controls using NMR.
No.
Metabolite
(ppm)a
Fold changeb
Direction of variationc
Biochemistry pathway
1
Glycocholic acid
3.47
1.49
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
2
Chenodeoxycholic acid
1.99, 1.97, 2.01
1.59
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
3
Glucose
3.35, 5.23, 3.83, 3.39
1.61
↑
Glycolysis
4
Betaine
3.89
1.67
↑
Choline oxidation Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism
5
Taurine
3.41
1.70
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
6
Taurocholic acid
0.87, 0.81, 0.83, 0.85
1.71
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
7
Choline
3.19
1.74
↑
Lipid metabolism
8
Cholic acid
1.27
1.89
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
9
Acetylcholine
3.21
2.15
↑
Acetylcholine biosynthesis
10
Lithocholic acid
1.25
2.33
↑
Primary bile acid biosynthesis
11
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
1.11
3.56
↑
BCAA catabolism Gut microbiota
12
Isobutyrate
1.13
9.1
↑
Gut microbiota
13
Glutamine
2.47
1.55
↓
Amino acid metabolism
14
Elaidic acid
1.59
1.50
↓
Fatty acid metabolism
15
Linoleic acid
1.35
1.65
↓
Fatty acid metabolism
16
Isoleucine
0.93
2.28
↓
Amino acid metabolism
17
Triglycerides
4.15
1.67
↓
Lipid metabolism
18
Lysine
3.73
1.48
↓
Amino acid metabolism
19
Stearic acid
1.37
2.12
↓
Fatty acid metabolism
20
Cholesterol
3.51, 0.91
1.42
↓
Steroid biosynthesis
21
Valine
1.01
1.57
↓
Amino acid metabolism
22
Proline
2.09
1.41
↓
Amino acid metabolism
23
Propionic acid
1.07
2.05
↓
Fatty acid metabolism
24
Serine
3.93
1.51
↓
Amino acid metabolism
25
Glutamic acid
2.07
1.94
↓
Amino acid metabolism
Abbreviations: BCAA: branched-chain amino acid; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance. aChemical shift scale of the NMR signal used for the quantification of metabolites. bFold change for each chemical shift was calculated based on the median values. cIncreased or decreased metabolites in the CeD group compared with the healthy control group.
