Toxicological Parameters of a Formulation Containing Cinnamaldehyde for Use in Treatment of Oral Fungal Infections: An In Vivo Study

Table 1

Effects of cinnamaldehyde on developmental parameters of zebrafish early stages after 96 h of exposure.

96 h: embryotoxicological adverse effects	LC50	EC50	LOAEL	NOAEL
Mortality (all lethal effects)	0.311	NA	0.14	0.07
Coagulation of viable embryos			0.14	0.07
Lack of somite formation			—	—
Lack of heartbeat			0.28	0.14
Nondetachment of the tail bud from the yolk sac			0.28	0.14
Nonlethal effects
Eye malformation	—	—	—	—
Otolith malformation	—	—	—	—
Mouth malformation	—	—	—	—
Spine malformation	—	—	—	—
Body pigmentation	—	—	—	—
Egg hatching delay	—	0.097	0.035	0.017
Yolk sac edema	—	NC	0.035	0.017
Body malformation	—	NC	0.14	0.070
Pericardial edema	—	0.105	0.035	0.017
Head edema	—	—	—	—
Blood clotting	—	—	—	—
Undersize	—	—	—	—
Developmental delay	—	NC	0.14	0.070

LOAEL: lowest observed adverse effect level in μg/mL; NOAEL: no observed adverse effect level in μg/mL; —: not observed; LC₅₀: median lethal concentration in μg/mL; EC₅₀: median effective concentration values in μg/mL; NA: not applicable; NC: not calculated.