Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites from Trifolium baccarinii Chiov. (Fabaceae) and Their Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action

Table 1

Antimicrobial activity (MIC and MMC in μg/mL) of extracts and isolated compounds from Trifolium baccarinii as well as reference antimicrobial drugs.

Extracts/compounds	Inhibition parameters	Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853	Escherichia coli S2(1)	Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923	MRSA03	MRSA04	Candida albicans ATCC10231	Cryptococcus neoformans H99
MeOH extract	MIC	32	64	32	32	64	64	32
	MMC	64	128	32	64	64	128	64
	MMC/MIC	2	2	1	2	1	2	2
EtOAc extract	MIC	64	64	32	32	32	64	32
	MMC	128	128	64	64	64	256	128
	MMC/MIC	2	2	2	2	2	4	4
n-BuOH extract	MIC	256	128	256	128	512	128	128
	MMC	512	1024	512	512	2048	256	128
	MMC/MIC	2	8	2	4	4	2	1
1	MIC	32	32	32	64	64	32	32
	MMC	64	64	32	128	128	64	32
	MMC/MIC	2	2	1	2	2	2	1
2	MIC	128	64	64	128	128	64	64
	MMC	128	128	128	256	256	128	64
	MMC/MIC	1	2	2	2	2	2	1
3	MIC	32	32	32	16	32	16	8
	MMC	64	32	64	16	64	32	16
	MMC/MIC	2	1	2	1	2	2	2
4	MIC	64	32	32	64	64	16	16
	MMC	128	32	64	128	128	16	16
	MMC/MIC	2	1	2	2	2	1	1
5	MIC	8	8	8	16	16	8	8
	MMC	8	16	8	32	16	16	8
	MMC/MIC	1	2	1	2	1	2	1
6	MIC	128	64	64	256	256	64	32
	MMC	256	128	128	>256	>256	>256	256
	MMC/MIC	2	2	2	/	/	/	8
7	MIC	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256
	MMC	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256
	MMC/MIC	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
8	MIC	256	128	64	256	256	128	64
	MMC	256	256	256	>256	>256	>256	>256
	MMC/MIC	1	2	4	/	/	/	/
9	MIC	256	128	128	>256	>256	>256	256
	MMC	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256
	MMC/MIC	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
10	MIC	256	256	256	>256	>256	>256	256
	MMC	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256	>256
	MMC/MIC	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
Ref	MIC	2	16	1	4	8	1	2
	MMC	2	32	1	8	8	1	2
	MMC/MIC	1	2	1	2	1	1	1

/: not determined; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MMC: minimum microbicidal concentration; : nystatin for yeasts and oxacillin for bacteria; MRSA03: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 03; MRSA04: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 04.