Significant Asymmetry of the Bilateral Upper Extremities of a Skeleton Excavated from the Mashiki-Azamabaru Site, Okinawa Island, Japan

Table 1

Measurements of upper and lower extremity bones belonging to Mashiki 15 and percentage asymmetry calculated as . Martin numbers are given in parenthesis as appropriate.

	Left (mm)	Right (mm)	Percentage asymmetry
Humerus
Maximum diameter of midshaft (M5)	13.8	21.2	53.6
Minimum diameter of midshaft (M6)	12	15.8	31.7
Least circumference of the shaft (M7)	42	59	40.5
Radius
Maximum transverse shaft diameter (M4)	11.5	14.6	27.0
Minimum sagittal shaft diameter (M5)	7.3	10.7	46.6
Minimum circumference (M3)	28	38	35.7
Ulna
Dorsoventral shaft diameter (M11)	8.4	13.5	60.7
Transverse shaft diameter (M12)	9.1	16	75.8
Least circumference (M3)	26	38	46.2
Femur
Anterior-posterior diameter of the midshaft (M6)	25.4	24.9	2.0
Mediolateral diameter of the midshaft (M7)	20.0	20.5	2.5
Circumference of the midshaft (M8)	74	73	1.4
Tibia
Sagittal diameter at the midshaft (M8)	26.2	26.5	1.2
Transverse diameter at the midshaft (M9)	18.7	19.3	3.2
Circumference of the midshaft (M10)	71	73	2.8