Significant Asymmetry of the Bilateral Upper Extremities of a Skeleton Excavated from the Mashiki-Azamabaru Site, Okinawa Island, Japan

Table 2

Comparison of the Mashiki 15 left-side humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia measurements to the adult mean value dimensions and those of children of the Ohtomo site. Martin numbers are given in parenthesis as appropriate.

	Mashiki 15		Ohtomo site
			Male, left			Female, left			9-year-old	9-year-old	10-year-old
	Left	Right	Mean	SD		Mean	SD		Right	Right	Right
Humerus
Maximum diameter of midshaft (M6)	13.8	21.2	23.44	1.54	34	20.95	1.7	20	14.3	15.5	16
Minimum diameter of midshaft (M7)	12	15.8	17.58	1.64	33	15.8	0.95	20	10.7	12.1	12.2
Least circumference of the shaft (M8)	42	59	64.52	3.33	33	57.58	2.77	19	39	44	44
Radius
Maximum transverse shaft diameter (M5)	11.5	14.6	17.12	1.17	25	16.36	1.28	11	10.6	11.5	10.7
Minimum sagittal shaft diameter (M6)	7.3	10.7	12.36	0.81	25	11.18	0.4	11	7.5	8.4	7.9
Minimum circumference (M4)	28	38	44.67	2.15	15	40.44	2.88	9	28	30.5	29
Ulna
Dorsoventral shaft diameter (M12)	8.4	13.5	15.04	0.92	26	12.83	1.27	11	7.8	8.4	—
Transverse shaft diameter (M13)	9.1	16	17.15	1.38	26	15.91	1.12	12	11.1	11.9	—
Least circumference (M4)	26	38	37.18	2.9	22	33.86	1.35	7	—	25	—
Femur
Anterior-posterior diameter of the midshaft (M7)	25.4	24.9	28.61	2.71	41	25.23	1.39	30	—	19.3	20.7
Mediolateral diameter of the midshaft (M8)	20	20.5	26.43	1.65	42	25.2	1.73	30	—	17	15.8
Circumference of the midshaft (M9)	74	73	86.98	5.46	41	80.41	4.46	29	—	57	58
Tibia
Sagittal diameter at the midshaft (M9)	26.2	26.5	30.95	2.13	43	27.63	2.16	24	—	21.2	20.1
Transverse diameter at the midshaft (M10)	18.7	19.3	21.35	1.66	43	19.65	1.13	26	—	16.3	15.4
Circumference of the midshaft (M11)	71	73	83.39	5.56	41	75.26	4.4	23	—	50	57