Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Improved Insulin Resistance via Alteration of the Human Gut Microbiome and Alleviation of Endotoxemia

Figure 4

Major increase in microbiota-dependent proatherogenic metabolite TMAO after RYGB. (a) Abundance of Akkermansia in obesity patients in preop, post-1 m-op, post-3 m-op, and post-6 m-op group. Akkermansia hardly existed in the preop group, recovered after RYGB gradually and stabilized in the post-6 m-op group. (b) Serum levels of TMAO in obese patients in preop, post-1 m-op, post-3 m-op, and post-6 m-op group. Serum levels of TMAO had increased after RYGB. (c) Correlation network between TMAO and diversity species. Red and purple edges denote Spearman’s rank correlation (red denotes positive correlation, and purple denotes negative correlation), and difference color circles denoted different groups, respectively. Serum levels of TMAO existed a positive correlation with diversity species in postop groups. (d) Levels of SCFAs in patients’ feces in preop, post-1 m-op, post-3 m-op, and post-6 m-op group. Levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, pentanoate, isobutyrate, and isopentanoate in feces had increased after RYGB. From -test-paired or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test vs. preop group.

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