Blood Lead Levels and Associated Sociodemographic Factors among Children Aged 3 to 14 Years Living near Zinc and Lead Mines in Two Provinces in Vietnam
Table 5
Logistic regression analysis of blood lead levels above 10 (μg/dL) among children in Ban Thi and Tan Long Communes.
Characteristics
Ban Thi-Bac Kan
Tan Long-Thai Nguyen
OR (95% CI)
Adjust OR (95% CI)a
OR (95% CI)
Adjust OR (95% CI)b
Gender
Boys (vs. girls)
2.34 (1.13-4.85)
2.44 (1.13–5.24)
1.18 (0.68–2.06)
Age
<6 (vs. 11-14)
2.20 (0.65-7.44)
2.16 (0.58-7.98)
0.96 (0.45–2.03)
6-10 (vs. 11-14)
0.97 (0.39-2.38)
0.96 (0.37-2.50)
0.88 (0.45–1.70)
Ever using “thuốc cam”
Yes
0.87 (0.23–3.31)
1.15 (0.58–2.27)
Hand washing before meals
Yes
1.1 (0.42-2.9)
0.93 (0.54-1.61)
Housing type
Stilt house (vs. modern house)
1.52 (0.73–3.18)
1.25 (0.72–2.18)
Play areas
Soil (vs. brick)
2.18 (1.01-4.71)
2.3 (1.02-5.17)
0.99 (0.57-1.75)
Close proximity of house to the mine (≤2 km)
Yes
1.01 (0.36-3.26)
2.58 (1.45-4.58)
2.90 (1.54-5.44)
Drinking water source
Not treated water (vs. treated water)
1.07 (0.52-2.20)
1.39 (0.80-2.42)
Parent working at the mine
Yes (vs. no)
0.65 (0.30-1.41)
0.97 (0.45-2.11)
Mother’s highest degree
Primary school or less (vs. high school/college/university)
1.94 (0.22-16.74)
0.62 (0.18-2.09)
Middle school (vs. high school/college/university)
1.27 (0.61-2.62)
0.93 (0.53-1.64)
Father’s highest degree
Primary school or less (vs. high school/college/university)
1.16 (0.23-5.80)
1.18 (0.25-5.51)
Middle school (vs. high school/college/university)
0.90 (0.43-1.88)
0.88 (0.50-1.54)
Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale
Inattentive (yes vs. no)
0.60 (0.26-1.39)
7.22 (3.22-15.82)
7.85 (3.49-17.69)
Hyperactive-impulsive (yes vs. no)
0.64 (0.25-1.66)
1.11 (0.33-3.78)
Conduct/oppositional defiant disorder (yes vs. no)
0.23 (0.03-1.70)
0.29 (0.03-2.33)
0.9 (0.05-14.99)
Anxiety/depression (yes vs. no)
0.43 (0.18-1.02)
0.54 (0.21-1.38)
1.31 (0.40-4.29)
value < 0.05. value < 0.01. aMcFadden’s pseudo .bMcFadden’s pseudo .
