Effects of Dapagliflozin Adjunct to Insulin on Glycemic Variations in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Labeled Trial

Table 4

Beta cell function and insulin sensitivity profiles between the two groups.

Parameter	Before therapy		value	After therapy (1 w)				value	After therapy (5 w)				value
	DAPA+CSII	CSII		DAPA+CSII	CSII	△DAPA+CSII	△CSII		DAPA+CSII	CSII	△DAPA+CSII	△CSII
GLU0 min			0.30					0.06					0.08
GLU30 min			0.20					0.02					0.09
GLU120 min			0.07					0.01					0.02
INS0 min			0.02			-4.0 (-6.78, -0.6)	-2.2 (-4.2, 0.1)	0.11			-0.8 (-3.2, 1.6)	-0.5 (-1.9, 0.8)	0.70
INS30 min			0.02			-1.4 (-5.0, 2.3)	-1.3 (-3.9, 2.4)	0.71			1.5 (-3.6, 5.4)	-0.9 (-4.1, 8.6)	0.10
INS120 min			0.07			3.2 (0.7, 9.5)	0.7 (-4.5, 7.5)	0.19			6.0 (-5.4, 14.6)	1.8 (-2.6, 12.7)	0.55
CP0 min			0.01			-0.5 (-1.2, -0.2)	-0.2 (-0.7, -0.1)	0.06			-0.5 (-0.9, -0.1)	-0.4 (-0.8, -0.1)	0.41
CP30 min			0.01			-0.2 (-0.9, 0.2)	-0.1 (-0.7, 0.2)	0.52			-0.3 (1.0, 0.3)	-0.4 (-0.8, 0.7)	0.42
CP120 min			0.04			1.0 (0.1, 2.1)	0.3 (-0.6, 1.7)	0.12			0.6 (-0.2, 2.0)	0.4 (-0.6, 2.6)	0.45
GLUCA0 min			0.60			-5.8 (24.5, 22.7)	-8.5 (-28.2, 3.1)	0.47			29.5 (-4.7, 69.4)	21.3 (-0.8, 50.9)	0.36
GLUCA30 min			0.25			-5.0 (-38.1, 17.3)	-2.2 (-27.1, 18.2)	0.64			17.9 (-12.9, 74.6)	24.6 (-8.0, 51.9)	0.75
GLUCA120 min			0.14			-3.7 (-21.8, 7.6)	2.9 (-21.5, 18.7)	0.34			12.5 (-7.5, 61.6)	27.3 (-3.5, 50.5)	0.93
HOMA-IR	5.0 (3.4, 12.1)	3.2 (2.0, 4.5)	0.08	1.2 (0.9, 1.9)	1.4 (0.9, 1.8)	-3.1 (-4.7, -1.8)	-1.9 (-2.8, -1.0)	0.01	2.4 (1.6, 3.3)	2.0 (1.2, 3.0)	-1.7 (-3.8, -1.1)	-1.0 (-2.0, -0.4)	0.03
HOMA-β	25.9 (12.5, 35.2)	20.1 (9.9, 28.6)	0.13	42.3 (22.9, 70.7)	27.2 (18.4, 37.2)	16.5 (2.4, 40.3)	6.4 (1.0, 15.6)	0.06	51.1 (29.3, 76.8)	33.7 (22.9, 39.7)	19.5 (12.9, 48.0)	8.7 (3.8, 22.7)	0.01

Glu0 min: glucose 0 min before the standard meal; Glu30 min: glucose 30 min after the standard meal; Glu120 min: glucose 120 min after the standard meal; INS0 min: insulin 0 min before the standard meal; INS30 min: insulin 30 min after the standard meal; INS120 min: insulin 120 min after the standard meal; CP0 min: C-peptide 0 min before the standard meal; CP30 min: C-peptide 30 min after the standard meal; CP120 min: C-peptide 120 min after the standard meal; GLUCA0 min: glucagon 0 min before the standard meal; GLUCA30 min: glucagon 30 min after the standard meal; GLUCA120 min: glucagon 120 min after the standard meal. HOMA-IR: homoeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-B: homoeostasis model assessment B. △: before therapy-after therapy.