Imaging Hyperreflective Foci as an Inflammatory Biomarker after Anti-VEGF Treatment in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Figure 2

Representative images of two patients showing the HRF in the DCP and outer retina at baseline and after three monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Patient 1: 63-year-old man with neovascular AMD, HRF were observed in DCP (between red and green line) at the  mm² sections centered on the fovea at the baseline (a) and after anti-VEGF injections (b). The number of HRF was reduced in DCP, and his BCVA was improved from logMAR 1.0 (baseline) to logMAR 0.7 (after treatment). Patient 2: 74-year-old female with neovascular AMD, HRF were observed mainly in the outer retina (beneath the pink line) at the  mm² sections centered on the fovea at the baseline (c) and after anti-VEGF injections (d). The number of HRF was reduced in the outer retina, and the BCVA was improved from logMAR 0.8 (baseline) to logMAR 0.4 (after treatment). The yellow arrowhead indicates the HRF. The microstructures, including the outer limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and interdigital zone/retinal pigment epithelial layer, were partially restored in patients after 3 consecutive anti-VEGF treatments.

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