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| Study no. | The process of spacer | Bone results (Paley) (excellent/good/fair/poor) | Functional results (Paley) (excellent/good/fair/poor) | EFT (months) | EFI (cm/d) | Complications (per patient) | Ingredients of spacer |
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| 1 | After RD, antibiotic cement beads were implanted. 2 weeks later, spacer is gradually removed during bone transport. | — | 22/7/2/0 | 1.7 | — | — | Cement mixed with sensitive antibiotics |
| 2 | After RD, antibiotic cement was implanted. After 6 weeks, the spacer was removed before bone transport. | — | — | 8.5 | — | 0.61 (11/18) | 20 g cement mixed with 3-4 g vancomycin |
| 3 | After RD, antibiotic spacers containing calcium sulfate were implanted and eventually absorbed naturally. | 11/1/0/0 | — | 6 | — | 0.44 (12/27) | Solid containing calcium sulfate powder and vancomycin |
| 4 | After RD, antibiotic cement beads were implanted. Spacer is gradually removed during bone transport. | 7/1/0/0 | — | 4.4 | — | 2.25 (18/8) | 20 g cement mixed with 0.25 g gentamicin and 3 g vancomycin |
| 5 | After RD, antibiotic bone cement was implanted. After 4-7 weeks, the antibiotic cement was removed and induction membrane was sutured. The bone transport will begin after 7 days. | — | — | 13.2 | 48.5 | 1.43 (20/14) | 10 g cement mixed with 1 g vancomycin |
| 6 | After RD, antibiotic bone cement was implanted. After 6 weeks, the antibiotic cement was removed and induced membrane was sutured. Besides, the bone transport began. | — | — | 8.5 | 56.6 | 0.5 (6/12) | Antibiotic-impregnated cement |
| 7 | After RD and bone grafting, the remaining defects were filled with bone cement containing gentamicin. After 1 week, the spacer was removed before bone transport. | 6/8/1/0 | — | 7.5 | — | — | Cement mixed with gentamicin |
| 8 | After RD, antibiotic bone cement was implanted. After 7-10 days, spacer was gradually removed during bone transport. | 30/23/5/0 | 28/18/12/0 | 10.6 | 36 | 0.67 (39/58) | 10 g cement mixed with 1.2 g tobramycin and 0.5 g vancomycin |
| 9 | After RD, antibiotic bone cement was implanted. After 9 weeks, the spacer was removed and induced membrane was sutured. Besides, the bone transport began. | — | — | 18 | 81 | 1.43 (10/7) | 40 g cement mixed with 0.5 g gentamicin or 2 g vancomycin |
| 10 | After RD, implant antibiotic cement. The spacer was removed, and the Ilizarov method was used until no bacteria were found in all bacterial cultures of tissue samples. The spacer was removed, and the Ilizarov methods were performed. | — | — | 21.7 | 57 | 1.4 (35/25) | Antibiotic-impregnated cement |
| 11 | After RD, antibiotic cement beads were implanted. After 3 weeks, the spacer was removed before performing Ilizarov methods. | — | — | 9 | — | 0.3 (3/10) | 2 g gentamicin in a bag of bone cement |
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