Clinical Features and Laboratory Examination to Identify Severe Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic ratio of each clinical feature.

	Pooled sensitivity	Pooled specificity	Pooled LR+	Pooled LR-	Pooled DOR
Symptom
Chest tightness	0.31 (0.23, 0.41)	0.92 (0.86, 0.96)	3.8 (1.44, 10.05)	0.71 (0.46, 1.1)	6.73 (1.44, 31.48)
Cough	0.69 (0.66, 0.72)	0.41 (0.39, 0.43)	1.21 (1.06, 1.37)	0.81 (0.7, 0.94)	1.6 (1.2, 2.1)
Diarrhea	0.09 (0.06, 0.11)	0.96 (0.95, 0.97)	2.04 (1.38, 3.04)	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	2.21 (1.43, 3.42)
Fatigue	0.34 (0.29, 0.39)	0.79 (0.76, 0.81)	1.39 (1.04, 1.87)	0.88 (0.76, 1.03)	1.81 (1.07, 3.06)
Fever	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.35 (0.33, 0.37)	1.09 (1.03, 1.17)	0.72 (0.53, 0.99)	1.62 (1.1, 2.4)
Headache	0.09 (0.07, 0.13)	0.9 (0.88, 0.91)	1.07 (0.78, 1.46)	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	1.06 (0.74, 1.53)
Myalgia	0.34 (0.28, 0.41)	0.86 (0.82, 0.88)	2 (0.95, 4.22)	0.86 (0.63, 1.16)	2.37 (0.84, 6.65)
Shortness of breath	0.5 (0.46, 0.54)	0.84 (0.83, 0.86)	3.18 (2.24, 4.51)	0.65 (0.51, 0.82)	7.6 (3.59, 16.07)
Sore throat	0.15 (0.12, 0.19)	0.9 (0.88, 0.91)	1.69 (0.81, 3.55)	0.95 (0.87, 1.05)	1.77 (0.73, 4.31)
Sputum production	0.3 (0.26, 0.34)	0.71 (0.68, 0.73)	1.22 (0.95, 1.57)	0.98 (0.92, 1.06)	1.28 (0.9, 1.84)
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular disease	0.14 (0.12, 0.18)	0.97 (0.96, 0.98)	3.45 (2.19, 5.44)	0.87 (0.82, 0.95)	4.18 (2.44, 7.16)
Chronic liver disease	0.04 (0.02, 0.06)	0.96 (0.96, 0.97)	1.36 (0.82, 2.26)	1 (0.98, 1.02)	1.37 (0.8, 2.36)
Chronic renal disease	0.04 (0.02, 0.06)	1 (0.99, 1)	4.79 (2.04, 11.25)	0.98 (0.95, 1)	4.98 (2.08, 11.91)
Chronic respiratory system diseases	0.05 (0.03, 0.08)	0.99 (0.99, 1)	6.07 (3.12, 11.82)	0.97 (0.95, 0.99)	6.53 (3.26, 13.06)
Diabetes	0.19 (0.16, 0.22)	0.94 (0.93, 0.95)	2.82 (1.95, 4.1)	0.89 (0.84, 0.95)	3.25 (2.11, 5.03)
Hypertension	0.34 (0.3, 0.38)	0.87 (0.85, 0.88)	2.53 (1.89, 3.4)	0.78 (0.61, 0.88)	3.47 (2.3, 5.21)
Malignancy	0.05 (0.03, 0.09)	0.98 (0.97, 0.99)	2.83 (1.34, 5.98)	0.98 (0.95, 1)	3.03 (1.38, 6.65)