Association between Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Fetal Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

HbF and proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with and without elevated NGAL.

Parameters	Patients with diabetes		value
	Elevated NGAL ()	Nonelevated NGAL ()
HbF production
HbF level (%)			0.001
High HbF (, %)	28 (36.8)	13 (15.5)	0.002
Proinflammatory cytokines
TNF-α (pg/mL)	53.1 (14.2–109.5)	30.6 (8.7–61.2)	<0.001
IL-5 (pg/mL)	21.8 (9.4–65.3)	10.3 (5.1–40.5)	<0.001
Anemia indices
Hemoglobin (g/dL)			<0.001
Anemia (, %)	34 (44.7)	15 (17.8)	<0.001
Kidney function
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)			0.203
MAU (, %)	18 (23.7)	12 (14.3)	0.129

Data are expressed as , median (IQR), or frequency (%). HbF: fetal hemoglobin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-5: interleukin-5; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAU: microalbuminuria; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.