Association between Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Fetal Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 3

NGAL, proinflammatory cytokines, and glycemic parameters in relation to the HbF level.

Parameters	Patients with diabetes		value
	High HbF ()	Low HbF ()
Lipocalin
NGAL (ng/mL)	165.0 (120.5–195.0)	110.0 (78.0–165.0)	<0.001
Elevated NGAL (, %)	28 (68.3)	48 (40.3)	0.002
Proinflammatory cytokines
TNF-α (pg/mL)	70.2 (19.8–115.3)	31.8 (9.3–64.5)	<0.001
IL-5 (pg/mL)	24.5 (10.3–67.4)	11.2 (6.2–42.8)	<0.001
Glycemic parameters
FPG (mmol/L)			0.327
HbA1c (%)			0.234
Anemia indices
Hemoglobin (g/dL)			<0.001
Anemia (, %)	21 (51.2)	28 (23.5)	<0.001
Kidney function
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)			0.485
MAU (, %)	11 (26.8)	19 (16.0)	0.128

Data are expressed as , median (IQR), or frequency (%). NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-5: interleukin-5; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAU: microalbuminuria; HbF: fetal hemoglobin.