Association between Depression, Antidepression Medications, and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

Table 2

Comparison of incidence and hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified by sex, age, and comorbidity between with and without depression.

Variable	Depression						Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^† (95% CI)
	No			Yes
	Event	PY	Rate^#	Event	PY	Rate^#
All	1333	361778	3.68	1418	336639	4.21	1.14 (1.10, 1.19)	1.17 (1.11, 1.23)
Sex
Female	759	225625	3.36	842	211927	3.97	1.18 (1.12, 1.24)	1.25 (1.17, 1.33)
Male	574	136153	4.22	576	124712	4.62	1.10 (1.03, 1.17)	1.08 (0.99, 1.17)
Stratify age
≤49	333	231563	1.44	452	217255	2.08	1.45 (1.37, 1.53)	1.14 (1.05, 1.23)
50-64	504	79237	6.36	486	73175	6.64	1.04 (0.97, 1.13)	1.15 (1.03, 1.28)
65+	496	50977	9.73	480	46209	10.4	1.07 (0.98, 1.17)	1.15 (1.03, 1.29)
Comorbidity‡
No	443	224659	1.97	43	31472	1.37	0.69 (0.61, 0.79)	0.96 (0.86, 1.09)
Yes	890	137119	6.49	1375	305166	4.51	0.69 (0.66, 0.73)	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)

Rate^#: incidence rate, per 1,000 person-years; Crude HR: crude hazard ratio. Adjusted HR^†: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, sleep disorder, asthma, anxiety, obesity, and NASH, and steroids. Comorbidity‡: patients with any one of the comorbidities hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, sleep disorder, asthma, anxiety, obesity, and NASH were classified as the comorbidity group. , , .