Association between Depression, Antidepression Medications, and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan
Table 3
Incidence, crude, and adjusted hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared among depression patients with and without antidepressant treatment compared to nondepression controls.
Variables
Event
PY
Rate#
Crude HR (95% CI)
Adjusted HR† (95% CI)
Adjusted HR† (95% CI)
Nondepression controls
46201
1333
361778
3.68
1 (reference)
1 (reference)
Depression without antidepressant treatment
22164
871
152086
5.73
1.55 (1.49, 1.63)
1.39 (1.31, 1.47)
1(reference)
Depression with antidepressant treatment
SSRIs
13728
261
101473
2.57
0.70 (0.65, 0.75)
0.94 (0.87, 1.01)
0.67 (0.62, 0.72)
Tricyclics
2908
91
26468
3.44
0.93 (0.83, 1.04)
0.86 (0.77, 0.96)
0.63 (0.56, 0.70)
Heterocyclic antidepressants
4457
146
36343
4.02
1.09 (1.00, 1.19)
1.25 (1.14,1.38)
0.90 (0.82, 0.98)
MAOIs
23
0
214
0.00
—
—
—
Others
2921
49
20054
2.44
0.66 (0.57, 0.77)
0.98 (0.84, 1.13)
0.69 (0.59, 0.80)
Rate#: incidence rate, per 1,000 person-years; Crude HR: crude hazard ratio. Adjusted HR†: multivariable analysis including age, sex, and comorbidities of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, COPD, CAD, sleep disorder, asthma, anxiety, obesity, and NASH, and steroids. ,,.