In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses of Titanium-Hydroxyapatite Functionally Graded Material for Dental Implants

Figure 1

Mechanical characterization of the Ti-HA FGM. (a) (A) HA powders and Ti powders were mixed from top to bottom according to the volume fraction (VF) of Ti, namely, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, and 98%. (B) Green compacts with graded Ti VF were sintered at 1300°C in an argon atmosphere heated at 10°C/min and cooled at 6°C/min. (C) Cylindrical implants (diameter 4.1 mm, length 10 mm) with graded Ti VFs were fabricated as Ti-HA FGM dental implants through subtractive manufacturing. (D) The Ti-HA FGM dental implant was placed into the mandibular bone. (b) Density of the sintered samples increased with the increase of Ti VF. (c) The HRA value gradually increased from 10 to 47 with an increase in slag loading (, ). (d) XRD pattern of 80% Ti-HA alloy. No additional new phases were observed, indicating that no new phases were formed in the ball milling process. (e) Concentration of adsorbed protein on the material surfaces was measured (, ). (f) Scanning electronic microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS): (A) electron micrographs, (B) Ti, (C) Ca, (D) O, and (E) P. The elements were evenly distributed and did not exhibit any specific features.

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