Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPARα/γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism

Figure 2

Emodin activated the PPARα/γ-AMPK pathway in A549 cells. In the normal and emodin- (EMO-) treated groups, A549 cells were treated with DMSO (0.5% ) and emodin (25 μg/mL), respectively, but not infected with IAV. In the IAV-infected and IAV+Rib- and IAV+EMO-treated groups, A549 cells were infected with IAV (PR8, ) and simultaneously treated with DMSO (0.5% ), ribavirin (Rib, 25 μg/mL), and emodin (EMO, 25 μg/mL), respectively. After 48 h, the mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and AMPK were quantified by a qRT-PCR assay (a). The protein levels of PPARα, PPARγ, AMPK, p-AMPK, and p-ACC were quantified by a western blotting assay by using ImageJ software. The results were expressed as the ratio of the target gene to β-actin (b, c). All data shown were the of three independent experiments. vs. the mock-treated group; ^# vs. the only IAV-infected group.

(a)

(b)

(c)