Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPARα/γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism

Figure 7

Regulation of β-oxidation inhibitors and palmitate on the inhibition of emodin on IAV replication and production of inflammatory cytokines. A549 cells were infected with IAV (PR8, ) and treated with or without emodin (25 μg/mL). (a) In the antagonism assays, A549 cells were simultaneously further treated with etomoxir (ETO, 100 μM), trimetazidine (TMZ, 8 mM), and palmitate (PA, 100 μM) for 48 h, respectively. (b) To detect the effect of ETO and TMZ on IAV replication, the cells were not treated with emodin. Finally, the vRNA levels of the IAV matrix protein (MP) gene were quantified by a qRT-PCR assay. (c) The levels of cytokines were determined by an ELISA assay. All data shown were the of three independent experiments each in triplicate. vs. the only IAV-infected group; ^# vs. the IAV+emodin group.

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