The Normative Study of Acoustic and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Voice among Healthy Adult Turkish Speaker Population

Table 1

ANOVA results for each parameter within each protocol.

Protocol and parameter	value	Post hoc results	Power
Vital capacity
Expiratory airflow duration
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.942 (>80)
Peak expiratory airflow
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.988 (>80)
Expiratory volume
Age	<0.001		1.000 (>80)
	<0.05	Younger adults > older adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > older adults
	<0.05	Younger adults > middle-aged adults
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Maximum sustained phonation
Maximum SPL
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.621 (>60)
Minimum SPL
Age	<0.01	Younger adults > older adults	0.621 (>60)
	<0.05
Gender-age; 18-39 age	<0.05		0.627 (>60)
Females	<0.05	Females > males
	<0.05
Erkek	NS	Younger adults > older adults; Middle-aged adults > older adults
SPL range
Age	<0.001	Older adults > younger adults; Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.924 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender-age; 18-39 age; 40-59 age	<0.01	Males > females; Males > females	0.619 (>60)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Females	<0.05	Older adults > younger adults
	<0.05	Older adults > middle-aged adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults
Males	NS
Mean pitch
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	1.000 (>80)
Gender-age	<0.001		0.996 (>80)
18-39 age	<0.05	Females > males
40-59 age	<0.05	Females > males
60+ age	<0.05	Females > males
Females	<0.05	Younger adults > older adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > older adults
Males	<0.05	Older adults > younger adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults
Phonation time
Age	<0.001	Younger adults > older adults; Younger adults > middle-aged adults	0.996 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.996 (>80)
Peak expiratory airflow
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.518
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.919 (>80)
Mean expiratory airflow
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Expiratory volume
Age	<0.001	Younger adults > older adults; Middle-aged adults > older adults	0.986 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Comfortable sustained phonation
Mean pitch
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	1.000 (>80)
Gender-age	<0.001
18-39 age	<0.05	Females > males	0.983 (>80)
40-59 age	<0.05	Females > males
60+ age	<0.05	Females > males
Females	<0.05	Younger adults > older adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > older adults
Males	<0.05	Older adults > younger adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults
Peak expiratory airflow
Gender	<0.01	Males > females	0.698 (>60)
Mean expiratory airflow
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Expiratory volume
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Variation in SPL
Minimum SPL
Gender	<0.05	Males > females	0.621 (>60)
Mean SPL
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.621 (>60)
Age	<0.001	Older adults > younger adults	0.921 (>80)
	<0.001	Middle-aged adults > younger adults
Mean pitch
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	1.000 (>80)
Gender-age	<0.001		1.000 (>80)
18-39 age	<0.05	Females > males
40-59 age	<0.05	Females > males
60+ age	<0.05	Females > males
Females	<0.05	Younger adults > older adults
Males	<0.05	Older adults > younger adults
	<0.05	Older adults > middle-aged adults
Pitch range
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.619 (>60)
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	0.993 (>80)
Target airflow
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > older adults	0.479
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Voicing efficiency
Maximum SPL
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.631 (>60)
Mean SPL
Age	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.609 (>60)
Mean pitch
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	1.000 (>80)
Gender-age	<0.001		1.000 (>80)
Females	<0.001	Younger adults > older adults
	<0.001	Middle-aged adults > older adults
Males	<0.001	Older adults > younger adults
	<0.05	Middle-aged adults > younger adults
Pitch range
Gender	<0.001	Females > males	1.000 (>80)
Expiratory airflow duration
Age	<0.001	Older adults > younger adults; Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.998 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender	<0.05	Females > males	0.383
Peak air pressure
Age	<0.01	Older adults > younger adults	0.786 (>60)
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	0.909 (>80)
Mean peak air pressure
Age	<0.01	Older adults > younger adults	0.684 (>60)
Gender	<0.01	Males > females	0.786 (>60)
Peak expiratory airflow
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Target airflow
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Expiratory airflow
Age	<0.01	Middle-aged adults > younger adults	0.772 (>60).
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Mean airflow during voicing
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Aerodynamic power
Gender	<0.001	Males > females	1.000 (>80)
Aerodynamic resistance
Age	<0.001	Older adults > middle-aged adults; Older adults > younger adults	0.892 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender	<0.05	Females > males	0.379
Acoustic ohms
Age	<0.001	Older adults > middle-aged adults; Older adults > younger adults	0.894 (>80)
	<0.05
	<0.05
Gender	<0.05	Females > males	0.383
Aerodynamic efficiency
Gender	<0.01	Females > males	0.671 (>60)