Application of Mixed Reality Using Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays in Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

Table 3

Radiation exposure outcomes of the two groups.

	MixR-assisted TPED group	Conventional TPED group
Marking
Puncture attempts			<0.001
Duration (min)			<0.001
Dose (mGy)			<0.001
Needle insertion
Puncture attempts			<0.001
Duration (min)			0.001
Dose (mGy)			<0.001
Foraminoplasty
Puncture attempts			0.60
Duration (min)			0.63
Dose (mGy)			0.80
Positioning sheath
Puncture attempts			0.06
Duration (min)			0.06
Dose (mGy)			0.16
Total
Puncture attempts			<0.001
Duration (min)			0.003
Dose (mGy)			<0.001

TPED: transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy; MixR: mixed reality.