Traditional Medicinal Plants as a Source of Antituberculosis Drugs: A System Review

Table 1

Medicinal plants and natural products showing in vitro anti-TB activity.

Plant species	Plant family	Part used	Extracts	Compound class	Active constituents	References
Abrus precatorius	Fabaceae	Aerial parts	Dichloromethane fraction	Isoflavanquinone	Abruquinone B (1) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml by MABA^a,b	[18]
Acacia farnesiana	Mimosaceae	Fruit	Methanolic extract	Parabens, flavanones	Methyl gallate (2) showed activity against the sensible strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 50 μg/ml, respectively. The (2S)-Naringenin 7-O-β-galloylglucopyranoside (3) showed activity against multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis G122 with MIC of 50 μg/ml by MABA	[19]
Aglaia forbesii	Meliaceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane fraction	Benzopyran flavaglines	Desacetylpyramidaglain D (4) against M. tuberculosis Ra with MIC of 25 μg/ml by MABA	[20]
Allanblackia floribunda	Guttiferae	Root bark	Successively macerated in dichloromethane-methanol (1 : 1) and methanol for 4 h	Biflavonoids	Morelloflavone (5) with the MIC of 19.53 and 39.06 μg/ml against M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, respectively, by MABA	[21]
Allium neapolitanum	Alliaceae	Bulb	Chloroform extract	Canthinone	Canthin-6-one (6), 8-hydroxy-canthin-6-one (7), and 5(ζ)-hydroxy-octadeca-6(E)-8(Z)-dienioc acid (8) with MICs in the range 8–32 μg/ml against a panel of fast-growing Mycobacterium species by dilution method	[22]
Allium sativum	Liliaceae	Bulb	Petroleum ether extract	Fatty acids	Lauric acid (9) and myristic acid (10) with MIC of 22.2 and 66.7 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[23]
Allophylus edulis	Sapindaceae	Leaf	Hydrodistillation	Cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol	Viridiflorol (11) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294) with MIC of 190.0 μg/ml by the microplate resazurin assay	[24]
Alnus incana	Betulaceae	Bark	Methanol extract	Triterpenes	Betulin (12), betulinic acid (13), and betulone (14) with MIC of 12.5, 84, and 57 μ g/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by the microplate resazurin assay	[25]
Alpinia katsumadai	Zingiberaceae	Seed	n-Hexane	Diarylheptanoids	Trans,trans-1,7-diphenylhepta-4,6-dien-3-one (15) as efflux inhibitors against M. smegmatis mc^2 155 by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[26]
Amphipterygium adstringens	Anacardiaceae	Stem bark	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	Tirucallanes	(14β, 24E)-3-oxolanosta-7,24-dien-26-oic acid (16) and (14β,24E)-3-hydroxylanosta-7,24-dien-26-oic acid (17) with MIC of 64 and 32 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by Bactec 460-TB apparatus	[27]
Amyris elemifera	Rutaceae	Leaf	Chloroform extract	Texalin	Texalin (18) with MIC of 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by Bactec 460-TB radiometric methodology	[28]
Androsace umbellata	Primulaceae	Whole plants	Ethanol extract	Saxifragifolin	Saxifragifolin D (19) reduced the intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis in THP-1-derived macrophages but not in A549 cells	[29]
Angelica sinensis	Apiaceae	Root	Chloroform extract	Fatty diol	Falcarindiol (20), 9Z,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diyne-1,11,16-triol,1-acetate (21), and oplopandiol (22) with MIC of 26.7, 25.3, and 50.2 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[30]
Anisochilus harmandii	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Water	Diterpenes	One pimarane-type diterpene named pimaric acid (23) and two abietane-type diterpenes named 9a,13a-epidioxyabiet-8 (14)-en-18-oic acid (24) and 15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (25) with MIC of 50 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[31]
Aralia nudicaulis	Araliaceae	Rhizome	Methanolic extract	Polyacetylene	(3R)-falcarinol (26) and (3R, 9R, 10S)-panaxydol (27) with MICs of 25.6 μM and 36.0 μM and IC50^fs of 15.3 μM and 23.5 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by microplate resazurin assay	[32]
Ardisia gigantifolia	Primulaceae	Leaves and stems	Chloroform extract	Resorcinol	5-alkylresorcinols (28), 5-(8Z-heptadecenyl) resorcinol (29), and 5-(8Z-pentadecenyl) resorcinol (30) with MIC of 34.4 and79.2 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA assay, respectively	[33]
Argyreia speciosa	Convolvulaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	Flavanoid sulphates	Quercetin 37 di-O methyl 3-sulphate (31) and kaempferol 7-O methyl 3-sulphate (32) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values of 25 μg/ml, respectively, by MABA	[34]
Arisaema sinii	Araceae	Whole plant	80% ethanol	Fatty acid ester	(E)-2-(methyl (phenyl) amino) ethyl 2-(2-hydroxyundecanamido)-7 (33), 11-dimethyl-3-oxotetradec-4-enoate (34), and compound 1 inhibit mycobacterial biofilm formation, disperse the preformed biofilms, and disrupt the mature biofilms at concentration of 4, 8, and 32 μg/ml, respectively	[35]
Aristolochia brevipes	Aristolochiaceae	Rhizome	Dichloromethane extract	Benzo[f]-1,3-benzodioxolo[6,5,4-cd]indol-5(6H)-one	Aristolactam I (35) with MIC of 12.5-25 μg/ml against drug resistant M. tuberculosis by fluorometrit MABA	[36]
Aristolochia taliscana	Aristolochiaceae	Hook roots	Hexanic extract	Neolignans	Licarin A (36), licarin B (37), and eupomatenoid-7 (38) with MIC of 3.12-12.5 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis strains: H37Rv, four mono-resistant H37Rv variants and 12 clinical MDR isolates by MABA	[37, 38]
Arracacia tolucensis	Umbelliferae	Aerial parts	Dichloromethane–methanol (1 : 1)	Coumarins	Isoimperatorin (39), osthol (40), suberosin (41), and 8-methoxypsoralen (42) with MIC of 64, 32, 16, and 128 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[39]
Artemisia capillaris	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Methanol extracts	Stilbene derivatives	Ursolic acid (43) and hydroquinone (44) with MIC of 12.5-25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis MDR/XDR strains by MABA	[40]
Artocarpus lakoocha	Moraceae	Root	Dichloromethane extract	Benzofuran	Lakoochin A (45) and lakoochin B (46) with MIC of 12.5 and 50 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[41]
Azorella compacta	Umbelliferae	Aerial parts	n-Hexane	Diterpenoid	Azorellanol (47) and 17-acetoxy-13-alpha-hydroxy-azorellane (48) showed the strongest activity, with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml against both strains (M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATTC 27294) and a clinical isolate CIBIN/UMF15:99) by MABA	[42, 43]
Bauhinia purpurea	Fabaceae	Root	Dichloromethane extract	Dibenz[b,f]oxepin	Bauhinoxepin J (5,6-dihydro-3-methoxy-1,4-dionedibenz [b,f]oxepin (49) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with a MIC of 24.4 μM by MABA	[44]
Bauhinia saccocalyx	Fabaceae	Root	Dichloromethane extract	Dibenz[b,f]oxepin	Bauhinoxepins A (=3,3,5-trimethy lbenzo[b] pyrano[g] benzoxepin-6,11-diol) (50) and B (=6-methoxy-7-methyl-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)dibenzo[b,f]oxepine-1,8-diol (51) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, by MABA	[45]
Beilschmiedia erythrophloia	Lauraceae	Root	Methanol	Endiandric acid	Erythrophloin C (52) and suberosol B (53) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MICs of 50 and 28.9 μg/ml, respectively, by MABA	[46]
Beilschmiedia tsangii	Lauraceae	Leaf	Methanol	Epoxyfuranoid lignans	Three new epoxyfuranoid lignans, 4a,5a-epoxybeilschmin A (54) and B (55), and beilschmin D (56), together with known beilschmin A (57) and B (58) with MICs of 30, 40, 50, 2.5, and 7.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis 90-211378 by proportion method on agar	[47]
Blepharodon nitidum	Asclepiadaceae	Whole plant	Ethanol extract	Hydroperoxycycloartanes	24-Hydroperoxycycloart-25-en-3β-ol (59) and 25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol (60) with MIC of 12.5 and 25 μg/ml against drug-resistant clinical isolates by MABA	[48]
Bocconia arborea	Papaveraceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform extract	Dihydrochelirubine	Alkaloids 6-methoxydihydrochelirubine (61) and 6-methoxydihydrocheleritrine (62) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and MDR tuberculosis with MIC of 12.5-50 μg/ml by MABA	[49]
Caesalpinia pulcherrima	Fabaceae	Root	Dichloromethane	Cassane-furanoditerpenoids	6 Beta-benzoyl-7 beta-hydroxyvouacapen-5 alpha-ol (63) and 6 beta-cinnamoyl-7beta-hydroxyvouacapen-5 alpha-ol (64) with MIC of 25 and 6.25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[50]
Caesalpinia sappan	Fabaceae	Heartwood	Methanol	Chalcone	3-Deoxysappanchalcone (65) against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis at MIC50s of 3.125–12.5 μg/ml in culture broth and MIC50s of 6.25–12.5 μg/ml inside macrophages and pneumocytes	[51]
Calliandra californica	Fabaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate	Cassane-type diterpenes	Escobarine A (66) and B (67) with MIC of 25-50 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv	[52]
Callicarpa pilosissima	Verbenaceae	Leaves and twigs	Methanol extract	Diterpenoids	12-Deoxy-11,12-dihydro-seco-hinokiol methyl ester (68), callicarpic acid B (69), and alpha-tocopherol trimer B (70) with MICs ≤63.6 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro by MABA	[53]
Calophyllum lanigerum	Clusiaceae	All plant materials	Methanol	Coumarin	(+)-Calanolide A (71) against M. tuberculosis with H37Rv with MIC of 3.13 μg/ml by the radiometric BACTEC	[54, 55]
Camchaya calcarea	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Dichloromethane	Cyclodeca[b]furan	Goyazensolide (72), centratherin (73), lychnophorolide B (74), isogoyazensolide (75), isocentratherin (76), 5-epi-isogoyazensolide (77), and 5-epi-isocentratherin (78) with MICs of 3.1, 3.1, 6.2, 1.5, 3.1, 3.1, and 3.1 μg/ml, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, respectively, by MABA	[56]
Celastrus vulcanicola	Celastraceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane extract	Sesquiterpenes	1α-Acetoxy-6β, 9β-dibenzoyloxy-dihydro-b-agarofuran (79) with MIC value of 6.2 μg/ml against sensitive and resistant M. tuberculosis strains by MTT method	[57]
Chamaedorea tepejilote	Arecaceae	Leaf	Hexane extracts	Pentacyclic triterpenes, fatty alcohols	Ursolic acid (43) and farnesol (80) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) with MIC of 50 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively, by MABA	[58, 59]
Chrysanthemum morifolium	Asteraceae	Flower	Methanol extract	3-Hydroxy triterpenoids	Maniladiol (81), 3-epilupeol (82), and 4,5a-epoxyhelianol (83) with MIC of 4 μg/ml, 4 μg/ml, and 6 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[60]
Citrullus colocynthis	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Methanolic extract	Triterpenes	Ursolic acid (43) and cucurbitacin E 2-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (84) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MICs0f50 and 25 μg/ml, respectively, by BACTEC 460TB system	[61]
Citrus aurantiifolia	Rutaceae	Fruit peels	Hexane extract	Furo[3,2-G]coumarin, fatty acid	Both 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen (85) and palmitic acid (86) with the MIC of 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) and M. tuberculosis H10 by MABA	[62]
Clausena excavata	Rutaceae	Rhizome	Chloroform extract	Coumarins, carbazole derivatives	Dentatin (87), nor-dentatin (88), clausenidin (89), 3-formylcarbazole(90), mukonal (91), 3-methoxycarbonylcarbazole (92), 2-hydroxy-3-formyl-7-methoxycarbazole (93), and clauszoline J (94) with MIC of 50, 100, 200, 100, 200, 50, 100, and 100 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[63]
Clavija procera	Theophrastaceae	Stem and bark	Ethanol extract	Oleanane triterpene	Oleanane triterpenoid aegicerin (95) with MIC values ranged between 1.6 and 3.12 μg/ml against 37 different sensitive and resistant MTB strains by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[64]
Clinacanthus siamensis	Acanthaceae	Leaf	Ethanol	Amide	Trans-3-methylthioacrylamide (96) with the MIC of 200 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[65]
Cnidoscolus chayamansa	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	Chloroform : methanol (1 : 1)	Pentacyclic triterpenes	Moretenol (97) and moretenyl acetate (98) showed MIC of 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and four monoresistant strains	[66]
Combretum molle	Combretaceae	Stem bark	Acetone	Polyphenol	Punicalagin (99) with MIC of 600 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by the agar proportional method	[67, 68]
Cordia globifera	Ehretiaceae	Root	A hexane-soluble extract	Quinones	Globiferin (100) and cordiachrome C (101) with MICs of 6.2 and 1.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[69]
Croton kongensis	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane	Diterpenedione	16-Dien-9,15-dione (102), ent-8,9-seco-8,14-epoxy-7R-hydroxy-11â-acetoxy-16-kauren-9,15-dione (103), ent-8,9-seco-7R-hydroxy-11â-acetoxykaura-8 (14) with MICs of 25.0, 6.25, and 6.25 μg/ml, respectively, and possessed antimalarial activity with IC50 ranges of 1.0-2.8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[70]
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	Chloroform extracts	Curcumin	Curcuminoid demethoxycurcumin (104) with MIC of 200 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC 460	[71, 72]
Curtisia dentata	Curtisiaceae	Leaf	Ethanol extracts	Triterpenes	Ursolic acid acetate (105) and betulinic acid acetate (106) with MIC of 3.4 μg/ml and 19.8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[73]
Cynanchum atratum	Asclepiadaceae	Roots	Ethanol extract	Isoquinolin	(-)-Deoxypergularinine (107) with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra, H37Rv, MDR, and XDR strains by Bactec MGIT 960TM	[74]
Derris indica	Fabaceae	Stem, root	Hexane : dichloromethane (1 : 1)	Flavonoids	3-Methoxy-(3,4-dihydro-3,4-diacetoxy)-2,2-dimethylpyrano-(7,8 : 5,6)-flavone (108), 3,4-methylenedioxy-10-methoxy-7-oxo[2]benzopyrano[4,3-b]benzopyran (109), karanjachromene (110), and pinnatin (111) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MICs of 25, 6.25, 12.5, and 12.5 μg/ml by MABA	[75, 76]
Diospyros anisandra	Ebenaceae	Stem bark	n-Hexane extract	Naphthalene	Plumbagin (112) and 3,3-biplumbagin(113) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 1.56 and 3.33 μg/ml by MABA	[7]
Diospyros decandra	Ebenaceae	Bark	Hexane	Triterpenes	2-Oxo-3b,19a-dihydroxy-24-nor-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (114) with MIC of μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[77]
Diospyros montana	Ebenaceae	Stem bark	Chloroform extract	Quinonoids	Plumbagin (112) > emodin (115) > menadione (116) > thymoquinone (117) > diospyrin (118) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra (ATCC 25177) and MDR-TB by MABA	[78, 79]
Disthemonanthus benthamianus	Fabaceae	Stem bark	Methanol extract	Flavonoids	Distemonanthoside (119), sitosterol 3-O- -d-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxygallic acid (118), and quercetin (121), against a clinical isolate strain of M. tuberculosis AC 45 with MIC ranged from 31.25 to 125 μg/ml by MABA	[80]
Dracaena angustifolia	Dracaenaceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane extract	Triterpenes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols	Ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide (122), linoleic acid (123), and E-phytol (124) with  μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[81]
Ehretia longiflora	Boraginaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	Quinone	Ehretiquinone (125) and prenylhydroquinone (126) with MIC of 25 and 26.2 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv by the agar proportion method	[82]
Engelhardia roxburghiana	Juglandaceae	Root	Methanol	Quinone	Engelharquinone (127), 3-methoxyjuglone (128), and (-)-4-hydroxy-1-tetralone (129) with MIC of 3.125, 3.125, and 6.25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis 90-221387 and 0.2, 0.2, and 4.0 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, respectively, by agar proportion method	[83, 84]
Eriosema chinense	Fabaceae	Root	Exane and dichloromethane extracts	Flavonoids	Khonklonginol A (130), B (131), H (132), and lupinifolinol (133), dehydrolupinifolinol (134), flemichin (135), eriosemaone A (136), and lupinifolin (137), with MICs of 25, 50, 25, 25, 12.5, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[85]
Erythrina gibbosa	Fabaceae	Ethnomedicinal recipes	70% aqueous methanol	Isoflavonoids	Isoflavonoidspasellidin (138) and erythobissin (139) with MICs, respectively, lying between 8 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml against MTB; 3-phenyl coumarin derivative indicanine (140) with MIC of 18.5 μg/ml against M. smegmatis by agar proportion method	[86]
Erythrina indica	Fabaceae	Root bark	Successively extracted with dichloromethane–methanol (1 : 1) and methanol	Isoflavonoids	Indicanine B (141) with MIC of 18.5 μg/ml against M. smegmatis by agar proportion method	[86]
Erythrina senegalensis	Fabaceae	Ethnomedicinal recipes	70% aqueous methanol	Isoflavonoids	Isoflavonoidspasellidin (138) and erythobissin (139) with MICs between 8 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv; 3-phenyl coumarin derivative indicanine (138) with MIC of 18.5 μg/ml against M. smegmatis by agar proportion method	[86]
Eucalyptus torelliana	Myrtaceae	Leaf	Hexane extract	Fatty acid ester	Hydroxymyristic acid methylester (142) and a substituted pyrenyl ester (143), a sterol with MIC of 49.45 and 46.99 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[87]
Euclea natalensis	Ebenaceae	Root	Acetone extract	Naphthoquinone	Diospyrin (118) and 7-methyljuglone (144) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by BACTEC 460 with four- to sixfold reduction of MIC	[88]
Euphorbia ebracteolata	Euphorbiaceae	Roots	80% ethanol	Diterpenoids	Rosane-type diterpenoids 3 (145) and 8 (146) displayed moderate inhibitory effects on with the MIC of 18 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively, by MABA	[89, 90]
Euphorbia lagascae	Euphorbiaceae	Air-dried powdered plant	Methanol extract	Steroids	Ergosterol peroxide (147), cycloart-23-en-3β,25-diol (148), vanillin (149), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (150) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 strain using two different systems: BACTEC 460TB (Bactec 460)	[91]
Exocarpos latifolius	Santalaceae	Stem	Methanol extract	Fatty acid	Exocarpic acid (E-octadeca-13-ene-9,11-diynoic-acid) (151) with MIC of 20 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra (ATCC 25177) by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[92]
Fatoua pilosa	Moraceae	Whole plant	Methanol extract	Coumarin; chalcones	Scopoletin (152), isobavachalcone (153) and (E)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-3-(2,2-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-2H-benzopyran-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (154), copoletin (155), and umbelliferone (156) with MICs of 42, 18, 30, 42, and 58.3 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by the agar proportion method	[93]
Ferula hermonis	Apiaceae	Root	Ethanol extraction	Octahydroazulen	Jaeschkeanadiol benzoate (teferidin) (157) and jaeschkeanadiol p-hydroxybenzoate (ferutinin) (158) with MIC values of 3.125 and 1.56 μg/ml against M. bovis BCG Pasteur 1173P2 and 0.69 and 2 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, respectively, by fluorescence assay	[94]
Garcinia livingstonei	Guttiferae	Leaf	Acetone extract	Flavonoids	Amentoflavone (159) and 4-monomethoxy amentoflavone (160) with MIC of 0.6 ad 1.4 mg/ml against M. smegmatis (ATCC 1441), with the positive control isoniazid ( mg/ml) by tetrazolium violet indicator	[95]
Garcinia multiflora	Clusiaceae	Heartwood	Methanol	Biflavones	6,6-Biapigenin hexamethylether (161), volkensiflavone hexamethylether (162), and hexamethylether of GB-1a (163) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with inhibition of 96%, 95%, and 87% at 1.25 μg/ml by BACTEC 460TB	[96]
Garcinia nobilis	Clusiaceae	Stem bark	Methanol	Flavonoids	4-Prenyl-2-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (164) with MIC of 8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 and M. tuberculosis clinical MTCS2 by MABA	[97]
Goniothalamus laoticus	Annonaceae	Flower	Ethyl acetate extract	Lactone derivative	(+)-Altholactone (165) and howiinin A (166) with MIC of 6.25 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[98]
Harrisonia perforata	Simaroubaceae	Branches	Ethanolic extract	Flavonoids	Perforamone B (5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-8-(1-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)chromone) (167) and D (2-hydroxymethylalloptaeroxylin) (168), peucin-7-methyl ether (169), and greveichromenol (170) with MICs of 25, 25, 50, and 50 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[99]
Helichrysum melanacme	Asteraceae	Shoots	Acetonic extract	Chalcone	2,4,6-Trihydroxy-3-prenylchalcone (171) and 4,6,5-trihydroxy-6,6-dimethyldihydropyrano-[2,3-2,3] chalcone (172) with MICs of 0.05 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC radiometric method	[100]
Heracleum maximum	Apiaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	Furanocoumarins	(3R,8S)-Falcarindiol (173) and 6-isopentenyloxyisobergapten (174) with MICs of 24 μM and 167 μM and IC50s of 6 μM and 27 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Ra, respectively	[101]
Humulus lupulus	Cannabaceae	Strobile hops	Hexane extract	Fatty acid	Unsaturated fat oleic and linoleic acids (175) with MIC of 4 and 16 μg/ml against M. fortuitum by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[102]
Hydnocarpus anthelmintica	Flacourtiaceae	Seeds	95% ethanol	Fatty acid	Anthelminthicins A (176), B (177), C (178) (11-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-11-oxoundecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 9-[(R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]nonanoate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 13-[(R)-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]tridecanoate), and two known ones, namely, chaulmoogric acid (179) and ethyl chaulmoograte (180) with MIC of 5.54, 16.70, 4.38, 9.82, and 16.80 μM, respectively, by GFP-expressed M. tuberculosis H37Rv	[103]
Hypericum perforatum	Guttiferae	Aerial parts	Hexane and chloroform extracts	Pyranone	Hyperenone A (181) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis BCG with MIC of 75 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively, by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[104]
Indigofera longeracemosa	Fabaceae	Stem	Methanol extract	Diterpene	Diterpene 12-methyl-5-dehydroacetylhorminone (182) with MIC of 0.38 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by proportion method	[105]
Ipomoea leptophylla	Convolvulaceae	Leaf	Organic soluble extract	Triterpenes	3â,25-Epoxy-3R,21R-dihydroxy-22â-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (183), camaric acid (184), and rehmannic acid (185) with MICs of 64, 64, and 32 μM, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC 460 radiometric system	[106]
Juniperus communis	Cupressaceae	Needles and branches	Methanolic extracts	Diterpene	Isocupressic acid (186) and communic acid (187) displayed MICs of 78 μM and 31 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Ra, respectively, by microplate resazurin assay	[107]
Juniperus procera	Cupressaceae	Leaf and bark	95% ethanol	Diterpene	Plumbagin (112) and 7β-hydroxyabieta-8,13-dien-11,12-dione (188) with  μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by visible growth	[108]
Kaempferia galanga	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	Absolute ethanol	Aromatic acid	Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (189) inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv with MICs of 48.5 and 24.2 mM by Bactec 460 system	[109]
Kaempferia parviflora	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	Water	Flavonoids	3,5,7,4-Tetramethoxyflavone (190) and 5,7,4-trimethoxyflavone (191) with MIC of 200 and 50 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[110]
Lantana hispida	Verbenaceae	Aerial parts	Hexane extract	Pentacyclic triterpenoids	Three pentacyclic triterpenoids of 3-acetoxy-22-(2-methyl-2Z-butenyloxy)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (192), 3-hydroxy-22β-(2-methyl-2Z-butenoyloxy)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (reduced lantadene A) (193), and oleanolic acid (194) with MIC of 50, 50, and 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[111]
Lantana horrida	Verbenaceae	Aerial parts	Hexanic extracts	Triterpenes	Ursolic acid (43) and oleanolic acid (194) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[58]
Larrea divaricata	Zygophyllaceae	Aerial parts	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	Flavone, polyphenols	5,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(4-methox-yphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (195); 5,6,7-trihy-droxy-3-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-H-chromen-4-one (196); β,γ-dimethyl-,α,δ-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butane (17) with MIC of 50 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by Bactec 460-TB apparatus	[27]
Ligusticum officinale	Apiaceae	Root	n-Hexane extract	Fatty alcohol	Falcarindiol (198) with MIC of 20 μg/ml and sesquiterpene alcohol a-prethapsenol (199) with MIC of 60 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by spot culture growth inhibition assay	[112]
Limnophila geoffrayi	Scrophulariaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform extract	Flavonoids	Lavonesnevadensin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,8,4-trimethoxyflavone) (200) and isothymusin (6,7-dimethoxy-5,8,4-trihydroxyflavone) (201) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[113]
Lippia turbinata	Verbenaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol-dichlormethane	Triterpenoids	3β,25-Epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-oyloxy) olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (202); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (203); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-tigloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (204); and 3β,25-epoxy-3R-hydroxy-22β-(2-methylbutan-1-oyloxy)olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (205), lantanilic acid (206), camaric acid (184), lantanolic acid (207), and rehmannic acid (185) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) using the radiorespirometric BACTEC 460 system	[106]
Litsea hypophaea	Lauraceae	Root	Methanol	Lactone, phenol	Litseakolide L (208) and N-trans-feruloylmethoxytyramine (209) with MIC values of 25 and 1.6 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by agar proportion method	[76]
Lophira lanceolata	Ochnaceae	Roots	Methanol extract	Flavonoids	Dihydrolophirone A (210) and lophirone A (211) with MIC of 31.25 and 15.75 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis by MABA	[114]
Lunasia amara	Rutaceae	Leaf	Ethanol	Phenyl quinoline	4-Methoxy-2-phenylquinoline (212) and 4-methoxy-2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy) phenyl quinoline (213) with MICs of 16 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC radiometric method	[115]
Marsypopetalum modestum	Annonaceae	Stem	Ethanol	Dithiopyridine	Dipyrithione (214) with  μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[116]
Micromelum hirsutum	Rutaceae	Stem bark	Dichloromethane extract	Carbazole	Micromolide ((−)-Z-9-octadecene-4-olide) (215) and five known alkaloids: lansine (216), 3-formylcarbazole (90), and 3-formyl-6-methoxycarbazole (217) with MIC of 1.5, 31.5, 14.3, 42.3, and 15.6 μg/ml, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[117]
Microtropis fokienensis	Celastraceae	Root	Methanol	Sesquiterpenes	1α-Acetoxy-2α-hydroxy-6β,9β,15-tribenzoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran (218), 2α-acetoxy-1α-hydroxy-6β,9β, 15-tribenzoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran (219), rbiculin G (220), and triptogelin G-2 (221) with MICs of 19.5, 15.8, 14.6, and 26 μM against M. tuberculosis 90-221387 by agar proportion method	[118]
Microtropis japonica	Celastraceae	Stem	Methanol	Sesquiterpenes	15-Acetoxyorbiculin G (222), celahin C (223), salasol A (224), and 8-acetoxymutangin (225) with a MIC of 39.6 μM, 15 μM, 15 μM, and 10 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by agar proportion method	[119, 120]
Morinda citrifolia	Rubiaceae	Leaves	Hexane fraction	Steroid	E-Phytol (mixture of the two ketosteroids, stigmasta-4-en-3-one (226) and stigmasta-4-22-dien-3-one (227)) and the epidioxysterol campesta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (228) with MIC of 2.5 μg/ml and minus 2.0 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by the growth index	[121, 122]
Mulinum crassifolium	Apiaceae	Aerial parts	n-Hexane	Diterpenoid	13-Hydroxy-mulin-11-en-20-oic-acid methyl ester (229), isomulinic acid n-propyl ester (230), and isomulinic acid n-butyl ester (231) with MIC of 6.25 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[43]
Myrtus communis	Myrtaceae	Leaf	Hydrodistillation	Monoterpene	Essential oil of limonene (232), 1-8 cineole (233), and α-pinene (234) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 2% ()	[123]
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae	Seed	Methanolic extract	Quinones	Thymoquinone (TQ; 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) (117) with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml intracellular M. tuberculosis H37Rv and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) 72 h postinfection in RAW 264.7 cells	[124]
Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts (leaves, fruits, and flowers)	Methanolic extract	Fatty acid ester	(E)-3-Hydroxy-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl-4-methoxycinnamate (235) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[125]
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Ethanol extract	Triterpenes	Ursolic acid (UA, 3b-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic-acid) (43) with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis by MABA	[40, 126]
Ocotea macrophylla	Lauraceae	Wood, leaf	Ethanol extract	Apomorphine	(S)-3-Methoxynordomesticine hydrochloride (236) with MIC of 4 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[127]
Oplopanax horridus	Araliaceae	Inner stem bark	Consecutively extracted with dichloromethane, methanol, and 50% aqueous methanol	Sesquiterpenes	Oplopandiol (237) and falcarindiol (198) with MI of 61.5 and 6.2 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis (ATCC 35801) by MABA	[128]
Pedilanthus tithymaloides	Euphorbiaceae	Root	Successively using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol	Diterpenoid	Caniojane (238) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC of 25 μg/ml by MABA	[129]
Phoradendron robinsonii	Santalaceae	Whole plant	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	Flavanone	5-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one(239) with MIC of 128 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by Bactec 460-TB apparatus	[27]
Physalis angulata	Solanaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform	Physalin	Physalin D (240) with MIC of 32 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by MABA	[130]
Piper chaba	Piperaceae	Root	95% ethanol	Amide	Pellitorine (241), guineensine (242), sarmentine (243), brachyamide B (244), 1-piperettyl pyrrolidine (245), sarmentosine (246), and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1E-tetradecene (247) with MIC values in the range of 25–200 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[99, 131]
Piper regnellii	Piperaceae	Leaves and stems	Supercritical fluid extraction (CO2 extracts)	Benzofuran	Eupomatenoid-3 (248) and 5-(3-methyl-5-propylbenzofuran-2-yl) benzo[d][1,3]dioxole (249) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay plate	[132]
Piper solmsianum	Piperaceae	Leaf	Methanolic extract	Benzofuran	Synergism was observed in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and eight clinical isolates with eupomatenoid-5 (250) + rifampicin and in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and 17 clinical isolates with eupomatenoid-5+ ethambutol combinations	[133]
Plectranthus grandidentatus	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform	Royleanone	Abietanes 6β,7α-dihydroxyroyleanone (251), horminone, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (252) with MIC of 25 and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MTT	[134]
Plectranthus ornatus	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform	Royleanone	7α-Acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone (MIC 0.0083 μM) (253) and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (MIC 0.039 μM) (254) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[134, 135]
Plumbago indica	Plumbaginaceae	Root	Petroleum ether	Naphthalene	Plumbagin (112) with MIC of 0.25 and 8 μg/ml against MDR-TB and 2 and 4 μg/ml against the XDR-TB isolates by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[78]
Plumeria bicolor	Apocynaceae	Leaves	Chloroform extract	Naphthalene	Plumericin (112) against active and MDR TB with MIC of 0.12, 0.15, 0.07, 0.13, and 0.14 μg/ml, respectively, better than isoplumericin	[136]
Polyalthia cerasoides	Annonaceae	Root	Extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol	Apomorphine, fatty acid, sesquiterpenes	Bidebiline E (255), octadeca-9,11,13-triynoic acid (256), and α-humulene (257), with 6.25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra MABA	[137]
Polyalthia debilis	Annonaceae	Root	Methanol	Lactone derivative	Debilisones B (258), C (259), and E (260) with MIC of 25, 12.5, and 25 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[138]
Polyalthia evecta	Annonaceae	Root	Extracted successively with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol	Furan	Furanoid polyacetylene (261) with MIC of 3.1 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[139]
Potamogeton malaianus	Potamogetonaceae	Whole plant	Dichloromethane	Diterpenes	Potamogetonyde (262), potamogetonol (263), potamogetonin (264), and 15,16-epoxy-12-oxo-8 (17),13 (16),14-labdatrien-20,19-olide (265) with MIC of 50–100 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[140]
Pourthiaea lucida	Rosaceae	Leaf	Methanol	Alcohol	a-Tocospiro A (266) and B (267), a-tocopherylquinone (268), and (E)-phytol (124) with MICs of 30, 50, 25, and 12.5 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by agar proportion method	[141]
Premna odorata	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Methanol	Aldehydes	1-Heneicosyl formate (269) with MIC of 8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294) by MABA	[142]
Prunus cerasoides	Rosaceae	Root	Successively with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol	Fatty acid	Octadeca-9,11,13-triynoic acid (256) with MIC of 6.25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[137]
Punica granatum	Punicaceae	Peel of the fruit	Water	Polyphenol	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (270) and quercetin (271) with MIC of MIC 32-256 μg/ml against nine M. tuberculosis isolates by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method	[143]
Radermachera boniana	Bignoniaceae	Leaves and twigs	Ethyl acetate	Sterol	Ergosterol peroxide (147) and b-sitostenone (272) with MICs of 34.8 and 9.9 μM, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[144]
Ranunculus ternatus	Ranunculaceae	Roots	Ethanol	Benzophenones	(benzophenones) Methyl (R)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxypropanoate (273) with MIC of 41.67 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[145]
Rumex hymenosepalus	Polygonaceae	Root	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	Diphenylethylene	5-[(E)-2-(4-Acetoxyphenyl) ethenyl]-1,3-benzenediol(1a) (274) with MIC of 32 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by Bactec 460-TB apparatus	[27]
Rumex nepalensis	Polygonaceae	Root	Ethanol extracts	Glycoside	Rumexneposide A (275), torachrysone (276), nepodin-8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (277), torachrysone-8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (278), and chrysophanol-8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (279), which showed MICs of 20.7, 6.1, 26.6, 8.9, and 4.1 μM, respectively, by fluorescence assay	[146]
Salvia africanalutea	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Ethanol extract	Diterpene	Abietane-type diterpene carnosic acid (280) with MIC of 28 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294) by a rapid radiometric method	[147]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Lamiaceae	Roots	Acetone	Tanshinones	Tanshinone I (281), tanshinone IIA (282), and cryptotanshinone (283) with MIC in the range of 1.17–26.57 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by agar proportion method	[148, 149]
Sapium indicum	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit	Hexane extract	Phorbol ester	Sapintoxin A (284), sapintoxin B (285), 12-(2¢-N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4R-deoxy-5,20-dihydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (286), and 12-(2-methylaminobenzoyl)-4-deoxyphorbaldehyde-13-acetae (287) with MIC of 3.12, 12.5, 25, and 25 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[150]
Saussurea lappa	Asteraceae	Bark	Ethanol extract	Sesquiterpenoids	Saussureamine C (methyl 3-O-feruloylquinate) (288) against M. tuberculosis by inhibiting folC	[151]
Scleropyrum wallichianum	Santalaceae	Twig	Successively with n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol	Fatty acid	Scleropyric acid (289) with MIC of 25 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[152]
Solanum torvum	Solanaceae	Fruit	Methanol extracts	Xanthine	Methyl caffeate (290) with MIC of 8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis by agar proportion method	[153]
Stephania dinklagei	Menispermaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform extract	Flavanone	Flavanone pinostrobin (291) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 3.125 μg/ml by MABA	[49]
Strobilanthes cusia	Acanthaceae	Leaf	Methanol extracts	Quinazoline	Tryptanthrin (292) with MIC of 1 mg/ml against M. tuberculosis by BACTECH	[154, 155]
Tabernaemontana citrifolia	Apocynaceae	Leaf	Chloroform extract	Voacangine	Ibogaine (293) and voacangine (294) with MIC of 50 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by Bactec 460-TB radiometric methodology	[28]
Teloxys graveolens	Chenopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Acetone extract	Flavanone	Flavanone pinostrobin (291) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml by MABA	[49]
Terminalia avicennioides	Combretaceae	Root bark	Successively with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol	Triterpenes	Arjunolic acid (295) and friedelin (296) which, respectively, had MICs against BCG of 156 μg/ml and 4.9 μg/ml, respectively, by broth microdilution method	[156, 157]
Terminalia brownii	Combretaceae	Root	Methanol extract	Flavones, ellagic acid	Methyl (S)-flavogallonate (297), ellagic acid xyloside (298), and methyl ellagic acid xyloside (299) against M. smegmatis by measured spectrophotometrically at 620 nm	[158]
Byrsonima fagifolia	Malpighiaceae	Leaf	Chloroform extract	Amyrin	α- and β-Amyrin (300), α-amyrin acetate (301), and dotriacontane (302) with MIC of 31.25, 62.5, and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[159]
Terminalia laxiflora	Combretaceae	Root	Methanol extract	Triterpenes, fatty alcohol, sterol	Friedelin (296), triacontanol (303), β-sitosterol (34), and sitostenone (35) with MIC of 250 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml, and 500 μg/ml, respectively, against M. smegmatis by measured spectrophotometrically at 620 nm	[158]
Terminalia superba	Combretaceae	Stem bark	Methanol extract	Ellagic acid	3,4-Di-O-methylellagic acid 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (306) and 4-O-galloy-3,3-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-β-Dxylopyranoside (307) with MIC of 4.88 μg/ml and 9.76 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by MABA	[160]
Tetracera potatoria	Dilleniaceae	Stem bark	Methanol/dichloromethane (1 : 1)	Alcohol	Tetraceranoate (308) and N-hydroxy imidate-tetracerane (309) with MIC of 7.8 μg/ml and 15 μg/ml, respectively, against M. smegmatis (ATCC 23246) by tetrazolium method	[161]
Tetradenia riparia	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Hydrodistillation	Royleanone	6,7-Dehydroroyleanone (254) with MIC of 31.2 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by resazurin microtiter assay	[162]
Thalia multiflora	Marantaceae	Aerial parts	Dichloromethane–methanol (1 : 1) followed by a 100% methanol	Steroids	Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol-7-one (310), stigmast-4-ene-6β-ol-3-one (311), stigmast-5,22-dien-3β-ol-7-one (312), and stigmast-4,22-dien-6β-ol-3-one (313) were found to be the most active compounds with MIC of 1.9, 4., 1.0, and 2.2 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis by fluorescence assay	[163]
Tiliacora triandra	Menispermaceae	Root	Dichloromethane	Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids	Tiliacorinine (314), 2-nortiliacorinine (315), and tiliacorine (316) are bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids with MIC of 3.1–6.2 mg/ml against M. tuberculosis different strains by MABA	[164]
Tussilago farfara	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Soxhlet extracted	Aromatic acid	p-Coumaric acid (317) and 4-hydroxybenzoicacid (318) with MIC 31.3 μg/ml of 62.5 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by high throughput spot culture growth inhibition assay	[165]
Ventilago madraspatana	Rhamnaceae	Stem bark	Methanol	Anthraquinone	Emodin (115) with MIC of 4 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[78, 166]
Zanthoxylum capense	Rutaceae	Leaf	80% ethanol	Phenol, amide	Decarine (319) and an N-isobutylamide, N-isobutyl-(2E,4E)-2,4-tetradecadienamide) (320) with MICof 1.6 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by measuring the optical density at 600 nm in a Tecan M200 plate spectrophotometer	[167]
Zanthoxylum leprieurii	Rutaceae	Stem bark	Methanol extract	Dihydroacridine	Hydroxy-1, 3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (321), 3-hydroxy-1, 5, 6--trimethoxy-9-acridone (322) with MIC of 5.1 and 1.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA	[168]
Zanthoxylum schinifolium	Rutaceae	Leaf	Methanolic extracts	Coumarin	7-[(2E) −3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoxy] −8-methoxychromen-2-one (collinin) (323) with MIC50 of 3.13–6.25 μg/ml against both drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis by luminescent viability assay kit	[169]
Zanthoxylum wutaiense	Rutaceae	Root	Methanol extract	Benzofuran, furo[3,2-b]quinoline	7-Methoxyanodendroate (324), 7-methoxywutaifuranal (325), wutaiensal (326), dictamnine (327), and γ-fagarine (328), with MIC of 35, 35, 30, 30, and 30 μg/ml, respectively, against M. Tuberculosis H37Rv by the agar proportion method	[170]
Zingiber cassumunar	Zingiberaceae	Root	Methanol	Three fatty acid esters	(E)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl linoleate (329), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl oleate (330), and (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (331),with MIC of 200, 100, and 200 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[171]
Ziziphus cambodiana	Rhamnaceae	Root bark	Acetate extract	Triterpenes	3-O-Vanillylceanothic acid (332), betulinaldehyde (333), betulinic acid (334), and 2-O-E-p-coumaryl alphitolic acid (335) with MIC of 25, 25, 25, and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, against M. tuberculosis H37Ra by MABA	[172]

MABA: microplate alamar blue assay; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.