Low-Temperature Plasma Short Exposure to Decontaminate Peri-Implantitis-Related Multispecies Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces In Vitro

Figure 4

Box plot of log₁₀ (CFU/mL) of 24 h, 3 d, and 7-day multispecies biofilms composed of A. naeslundii, P. gingivalis, S. oralis, and V. dispar at a distance of 10 mm from the equipment nozzle. NC stands for the negative control, which is the biofilms that received no treatment. P stands for LTP-treated groups for 1, 3, or 5 min (P1/10, P3/10, and P5/10), Flow (F) is the control for the LTP treatments (F1/10, F3/10, and /10). As positive controls, samples were treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), amoxicillin (AX), metronizadole (MZ), and amoxicillin combined with metronidazole (AX+MZ). The letters represent statistical significance above each of the plasma treatments (; ; Wilcoxon signed rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests). Letter is for significance versus NC, letter is for significance vs. AX, letter is for significance vs. MZ, letter is for significance vs. AX+MZ, letter is for significance vs. CHX, and letter is for significance vs. its corresponding flow control. There were no statistically significant differences between the plasma treatments, between 24 h and 7 d within each plasma treatment, or between the bacteria within each plasma treatment.