A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Associations between Immigration Status and Stroke Incidence and Mortality

Table 5

Relative incidence rate of stroke according to participant characteristics at study entry, comparing immigrants vs. the host population (meanwhile, category variables were defined as gender (the ratio of male immigrates vs. male host with female immigrates vs. female host population), age (the ratio of ≤45 y immigrates vs. ≤45 y host with >45 y immigrates vs. >45 y host population), follow-up duration (the ratio of ≤5 y immigrates vs. ≤5 y host with >5 y immigrates vs. >5 y host population), marital status (the ratio of married immigrates vs. married host with unmarried immigrates vs. unmarried host population), income (the ratio of lower income immigrates vs. lower income host with higher income immigrates vs. higher income host population), residence (the ratio of urban immigrates vs. urban host with rural immigrates vs. rural host population), hypertension (the ratio of not suffered immigrates vs. not suffered host with suffered immigrates vs. suffered host population), diabetes (the ratio of not suffered immigrates vs. not suffered host with suffered immigrates vs. suffered host population), and dyslipidemia (the ratio of not suffered immigrates vs. not suffered host with suffered immigrates vs. suffered host population)).

					Heterogeneity
Covariate parameters	No. of studies	Pooled OR (95% CI)		Model	value
Gender	8	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.293	Random	<0.001	99.50%
Age	2	0.40 (0.03–4.97)	0.475	Random	<0.001	100.00%
Follow-up duration	2	0.68 (0.67–0.69)	<0.001	Fixed	0.399	0.00%
Marital status	2	0.85 (0.53–1.39)	0.525	Random	<0.001	99.90%
Income	5	2.13 (1.65–2.76)	<0.001	Random	<0.001	100.00%
Residence	2	4.59 (3.54–5.95)	<0.001	Random	<0.001	99.80%
Current smoking	2	1.69 (0.92–3.09)	0.090	Random	<0.001	99.70%
Comorbid conditions
Hypertension	4	1.30 (1.08–1.57)	0.006	Random	<0.001	100.00%
Diabetes	4	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	0.059	Random	<0.001	99.90%
Dyslipidemia	3	1.41 (0.93–2.15)	0.109	Random	<0.001	100.00%