Maternal Smoking and the Risk of Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of the studies in the meta-analysis.

1^st aut, year	Design	Sample	Diagnose method	Maternal age (year)	Estimate	Adjustment	Quality
Usta, 2005 [28]	Case-control	347	By maternal–fetal medicine physicians	31	Odds ratio	Adjust	High
Matsuzaki, 2021 [22]	Cohort	2727477	ICD-10 codes	Not reported	Odds ratio	Adjust	High
Svanvik, 2021 [21]	Cohort	9376	Attending obstetrician and clinical diagnosis	Not reported	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Kyozuka, 2019 [3]	Cohort	90554	Histological examination or the clinical presentation	31.8	Odds ratio	Adjust	High
Wang, 2020 [19]	Cohort	177	Histological	30.22	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Bowman, 2014 [25]	Cohort	2749	Pathology or clinical findings	30.85	Odds ratio	Adjust	High
Tsuji, 2019 [20]	Cohort	16019	Medical record	32.7	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Eshkoli, 2013 [24]	Cohort	34869	Clinical	Not reported	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Farquhar, 2017 [29]	Case-control	865	Imaging or by pathological	Not reported	Odds ratio	Adjust	High
Jauniaux, 2019 [23]	Cohort	292	By physicians and ultrasound	34.30	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Upson, 2013 [26]	Cohort	403602	ICD-10	Not reported	Odds ratio	Crude	Low
Klar, 2013 [30]	Case-control	483	ICD	34.47	Odds ratio	Crude	Low
Fitzpatrick, 2012 [31]	Case-control	390	Histological	Not reported	Odds ratio	Crude	High
Ueno, 2014 [27]	Cohort	65	Pathological	Not reported	Odds ratio	Crude	High