Internal Validation of the Predictive Performance of Models Based on Three ED and ICU Scoring Systems to Predict Inhospital Mortality for Intensive Care Patients Referred from the Emergency Department

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of study population.

Characteristics	Deceased ()	Recovered ()	value
Age (year)			<0.001^a
Gender (male)	507 (55.4%)	1372 (54%)	0.511^b
Vital signs
Temperature (°C)			0.25^a
MAP (mmHg)			0.012^a
Pulse rate (beats/min)			0.06^a
Respiratory rate (per min)			<0.001^a
UO			0.002^a
Oxygenation
FiO2 (%)			<0.001^a
O2 saturation			<0.001^a
MV	77 (8.41%)	29 (1.14%)	<0.001^b
Level of consciousness
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)			<0.001^a
AVPU
(i) Alert	120 (13%)	979 (39%)	<0.001^c
(ii) Voice responsive	174 (19%)	532 (21%)
(iii) Pain responsive	248 (27%)	637 (25%)
(iv) Unconscious	373 (41%)	392 (15%)
Laboratory parameters
Urea (mg/dL)			<0.001^a
Creatinine (mg/dL)			<0.001^a
Sodium (mEq/L)			0.78^a
Potassium (mEq/L)			0.004^a
Bilirubin (gr/dL)			0.002^a
White blood cell (10^9/L)			0.022^a
Platelet (10^9/L)			<0.001^a
Hematocrit (gr/dL)			0.002^a
PH			<0.001^a
PaO2/FiO2			0.002
PaO2			0.009
HCO3			<0.001^a
Comorbidities and other conditions
DM	114 (12.4%)	42 (1.7%)	<0.001
Addiction	23 (2.51%)	14 (0.55%)	<0.001^b
Metastatic cancer	19 (2.07%)	14 (0.55%)	<0.001^b
ED risk scores
WPS			<0.001^a
REMS			<0.001^a
MEWS			<0.001^a
APACHE II			<0.001^a
SAPS II			<0.001^a
SOFA			<0.001^a

Values are presented as or (%). Abbreviations: ESI: Emergency Severity Index; FiO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; PCO₂: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; HCO₃: bicarbonate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; MV: mechanical ventilation; WPS: Worthing Physiological Score; REMS: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score; MEWS: Modified Early Warning Score; APACHE: Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (version II and IV); SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score (version II); SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. ^aAnalysis by independent-samples -test. ^bAnalysis by Fisher’s exact test. ^cAnalysis by Chi-square test.