| | Synthesis | Benefits | Drawbacks | Morphology |
| | Coprecipitation method | Preparation is straightforward; minimal equipment is required, and it is commercialized. A representative method for producing heterogeneous catalyst powders with good homogeneity and a relatively low calcination temperature is the usual coprecipitation techniques for producing heterogeneous catalyst powders 50 with good homogeneity and a relatively low calcination temperature coprecipitation technique [15]. | One of this method’s biggest flaws is the inability to regulate the precipitating particle sizes and subsequent aggregation. Therefore, hybrid approaches that control the size of the particle by deagglomerating the generated nanomaterial should be considered [16]. Under ultrasound irradiation, the precipitated gel undergoes extremely high shear pressures and cavitation heating, creating nanoparticles and high-phase purity in complicated metal oxides. Therefore, agglomeration, poor yield, and finished product purity affect many factors, such as pH values, washing solvents, and dry method. | According to morphological research, the grains are compact and randomly organized, and as the temperature of sintering rises, so does grain size. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis has been used to investigate the compositional analyses of metal nanoparticles [17]. To explore the surface morphology and particle size fluctuations in metal oxide nanoparticles, the pH value of the solution was changed. | | Sol-gel synthesis | The sol-gel method is superior to other methods for creating metal oxide nanoparticles because it is straightforward and inexpensive and uses low temperatures and pressure [18]. Easy to use; high purity; uniform distribution; commercialized, perfect, high purity and time-saving. Newly, alumina membranes with pore sizes of around 3 to 4 nm, thicknesses of 1 to 10 μm, and porosities of about 50% have been created using the sol-gel process. | The relatively substantial shrinkage associated with the gelation process and the drying of gels, the presence of high pore concentrations, and the removal of unwanted residuals such as hydroxyls and organics are some of the key drawbacks of the sol-gel method [19]. It takes a long time to sinter; it has weak sintering characteristic. | The experimental circumstances and processing factors used during the sol-gel synthesis process can have an impact on the materials characteristics. In order to tailor the numerous properties displayed by the produced nanoparticles to the required applications, processing parameters are the operating conditions that must be taken into account throughout the synthesis process of nanoparticles [20]. Effects of variables on the morphology and optical qualities include the pH of the sol, additives (such as capping agents and surfactants), annealing temperature, and calcination. | | Hydrothermal method | Metal nanoparticle application in biomedicine and related fields is constantly growing globally. Applications for hydrothermally produced nanoparticles include those in optics, medicine, electronics (including sensors, information, and communication technologies), catalysis, devices (including fuels for energy conversion and storage), and electronics [21]. | These techniques produce nanoparticles with less precise size distributions, compositional control, and optoelectronic characteristics. According to Xu et al., hydrothermally created CIS NCs coated in glutathione and exhibiting multiple emission bands in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. | At every stage of the process, from the unit cell to the crystallite size to the size and shape of the nanoparticles, the surfactants and dopants have a significant impact [21]. |
|
|
