Authors Software(s) Element type Geometrical model Loading and boundary conditions Type of material Mechanical properties Dumas et al. [10 ] Ansys 6.0. (i) Vertebra: beam element (ii) pelvic: beam element (iii) ligament: tension-only cable elements (iv) articular facets: surface contact element A patient-specific FE model of interverbal disc constructed from CT image. Displacement: between the bending test measurements and the standing position measurements, 3D motion of T1 in relation to the pelvis was estimated. Screws and rod: elastoplastic materials (i) Augmented bending stiffness (about Abolaeha et al. [12 ] Abaqus 6.11-1 (v) Vertebral and intervertebral disc: linear hexahedral A previous patient-specific FE model of vertebral and interverbal disc constructed from X-ray image and CT scan During the loading and spine growth simulation processes, the inferior extremity of L5 was constrained in all degrees of freedom. Each vertebra is subjected to a dispersed load. Rod: stainless steel Salmingo et al. [1 ] Computed tomography (CT), Solidworks 2010, ANSYS 11.0 10 node tetrahedral solid elements A patient-specific FE model of spine constructed from CT image. Forces, Rod: titanium alloy (JIS T 7401-3) Wang et al. [13 ] Radiographic software, ADAMS 2005 software (Mechanical Dynamics) NM Previously developed FE model of thoracic spine. NM Pedicle screw: titanium rod: titanium Driscoll et al. [6 ] ANSYS 130.0 APDL NM A patient-specific FE model of vertebral and interverbal disc constructed from CT image. To regulate and measure movement, all bodies assigned multiple coordinate systems centred on their geometric centre of mass. Screw: titanium (Ti 6Al-4 V, grade 5) rod: cobalt chrome Pedicle screw: Salmingo et al. [2 ] Solidworks 2010, ANSYS 11.0 10 node tetrahedral solid elements Three-dimensional FE model of rod geometries before surgery. Before surgery. Zero force Polyaxially pedicle screws and implant rods: titanium Little et al. [3 ] Computed tomography (CT), ABAQUS 6.9-1, Python 2.5 (i) Screw: 8 node brick A patient-specific FE model with ribcage and Osseo ligamentous spine A “no separation” normal contact and frictionless tangential contact definition were defined between the both surface of the rod and the screw head. Screw: titanium alloy Screw: Abe et al. [14 ] Solidworks 2010, Aquilion 64 CT scanner, ANSYS 11.0 10 node tetrahedral solid elements A patient-specific model of rod geometry constructed from CT image. NM Rod: titanium rod (Ti6Al7Nb) Wang et al. [15 ] Computed tomography (CT), ANSYS ICEM-CFD Hexahedron element A patient-specific FE model of the spine constructed from CT image. The upper lamina terminals of T1 were subjected to a fixed loading force of 300 N, which simulated upper body gravity. Pedicle screw and rod elastoplastic materials Ligaments elasticity coefficient Anterior longitudinal, Clin et al. [16 ] ANSYS 14.5 NM A patient-specific FE model of the spine to pelvis NM Screw: titanium alloy Balamurugan et al. [17 ] MIMICS 14.0 software, ANSYS 18.0 NM A patient-specific FE model of thoracolumbar constructed from CT image All degrees of freedom were limited in the L5 vertebra. Assuming the patient’s weight is 800 N (80 kg), apply a compressive force of 50 N all along Rod: titanium Cortical bone: Guan et al. [18 ] Materialise mimics 19.0, Leuven, Abaqus, Hexahedral elastic elements A patient-specific FE model of the thoracic spine lumbar vertebrae constructed from CT image T1 was limited to transverse plan movements. Elastoplastic spine model Posterior structure: Zhang et al. [9 ] Solidworks 2020, Ansys Workbench 19.0 Tetrahedral elements A patient-specific FE model of the lumbar spine constructed from CT image Apply a moment of 10 nm in the planes on the upper surface of the L1 vertebral body to simulate flexion, extension, left and right bending, left and right rotation. Elastoplastic spine model Cortical bone: He et al. [11 ] Mimics 19.0, ANSYS 15.0 Solid 187 tetrahedral elements Three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of intervertebral disc and pedicle screw & rod system (PSRS). 500 N applied to the models for directions of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation Screw and rod: titanium alloy Cortical bone: Chen et al. [19 ] CT scan, Solidworks NM Three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the spine from CT, pedicle screw, and rod system. NM Rod: titanium alloy Cortical bone
