Circumferential Decompression Technique of Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy

Figure 3

Images comparison of preoperation and after circumferential decompression under full-endoscope. (a) Before osteophyte removal. (b) Using endoscopic trephine. (c) The trephine with scale ruler can help to determine the depth while removing osteophytes. (d) After osteophyte removal (the red triangle represents the spinal cord, the arrow indicates the head direction, and the star represents the nerve root).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)