Survival and Predictors of Mortality among Adults Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2007-2019)

Table 3

Predictors of mortality within the first three of HAART initiation among PLHIV in Ethiopia (2007-2019).

Characteristics	2007-2010 (CHR)		2007-2010 (aHR)	2011-2013(CHR)		2011-2013 (aHR)		2014-2016(CHR)	2014-2016 (aHR)	2017-2019 (CHR)		2017-2019 (aHR) pooled aHR
	CHR	(95.0% CI), sig.	aHR (95% CI),sig.	CHR	(95.0% CI), sig.	aHR (95.0% CI0, sig.	CHR	(95.0% CI), sig.	aHR (95% CI),sig.	CHR	(95.0% CI), sig.	aHR (95.0% CI) sig. aHR (95.0% CI)
Region
Tigray (ref.)	1
Afar	0.9	(0.64, 1.25) 0.52		0.81	(0.56, 1.17) 0.26		0.9	(0.45, 1.79) 0.75		1.28	(0.75, 2.17) 0.36	1.69 (0.99, 2.89) 0.05
Amhara	1.21	(0.64, 2.31) 0.56		0.81	(0.48, 1.37) 0.44		1.13	(0.51, 2.51) 0.76		0.82	(0.40, 1.68) 0.58	0.99 (0.47, 2.09) 0.98
Oromia	1.24	(0.90, 1.71) 0.19		0.83	(0.58, 1.19) 0.30		1.43	(0.77, 2.65) 0.26		0.73	(0.41, 1.30) 0.29	0.94 (0.53, 1.68) 0.84
Somalia	1.14	(0.79, 1.64) 0.48		0.74	(0.51, 1.07) 0.11		0.92	(0.48, 1.77) 0.80		0.96	(0.57, 1.60) 0.86	1.3 (0.76, 2.23) 0.34
Benishangul	0.97	(0.50, 1.87) 0.92		0.85	(0.48, 1.52) 0.58		1.57	(0.73, 3.36) 0.25		1.55	(0.83, 2.90) 0.17	1.66 (0.89, 3.12) 0.11
SNNP	0.94	(0.58, 1.51) 0.80		0.8	(0.46, 1.38) 0.42		0.79	(0.26, 2.36) 0.67		0.58	(0.22, 1.51) 0.26	0.64 (0.24, 1.69) 0.37
Gambella	0.78	(0.51, 1.20) 0.26		0.97	(0.68, 1.38) 0.85		0.66	(0.31, 1.40) 0.28		0.96	(0.54, 1.69) 0.88	1.31 (0.72, 2.41) 0.38
Harari	1.28	(0.78, 2.12) 0.33		0.58	(0.32, 1.05) 0.07		0.84	(0.34, 2.05) 0.70		0.57	(0.28, 1.20) 0.14	0.86 (0.41, 1.8) 0.69
Dire Dawa	1.05	(0.66, 1.66) 0.85		0.71	(0.42, 1.20) 0.20		0.66	(0.24, 1.80) 0.42		1.59	(0.90, 2.81) 0.11	2.01 (1.1, 3.66) 0.02
Addis Ababa	1.1	(0.55, 2.20) 0.78		0.96	(0.59, 1.58) 0.88		0.59	(0.20, 1.75) 0.34		1.65	(0.84, 3.28) 0.15	1.94 (0.95, 3.96) 0.07
Education
No education	1.15	(0.81, 1.62) 0.44		0.86	(0.59, 1.25) 0.43	0.91 (0.63, 1.32) 0.63	1.02	(0.49, 2.16) 0.95		0.81	(0.50 ,1.33) 0.41	0.83 (0.52, 1.35) 0.46
Primary school	1.16	(0.78, 1.74) 0.46		0.79	(0.53, 1.20) 0.27	0.82 (0.58, 1.18) 0.29	1.37	(0.64, 2.92) 0.41		0.73	(0.44, 1.24) 0.24	0.81 (0.52, 1.26) 0.35
Secondary school	1.08	(0.77, 1.52) 0.66		1.08	(0.76, 1.52) 0.68	1.07 (0.78, 1.47) 0.66	0.94	(0.46, 1.91) 0.87		0.54	(0.34, 0.87) 0.01	0.58 (0.38, 0.9) 0.01
College (ref.)	1
Functional status
Ambulatory (ref.)	1
Bedridden	1.69	(1.05 ,2.75) 0.03	1.92 (1.28, 2.89) 0.00	2.06	(1.15, 3.68) 0.01	2.30(1.40, 3.78) 0.00	1.1	(0.31, 2.61) 0.95		0.96	(0.44, 2.13) 0.93	^∞2.0 (1.35-2.69)
Adherence
Good (ref.)	1
Fair	0.18	(0.10, 0.35) 0.00	3.77 (1.95, 7.32) 0.00	0.07	(0.03, 0.14) 0.00	3.10 (1.37, 7.05) 0.01	0.14	(0.02, 1.05) 0.06	0.00 (0.00, 0.001) 0.95	0.14	(0.06, 0.30) 0.00	0 (0, 0.001) 0.94
Poor	7.90	(2.26, 12.37) 0.01	4.65 (2.90, 7.48) 0.00	12.25	(10.07, 15.93) 0.04	12.29 (7.06, 21.40)0.00	6.46	(2.00, 11.03) 0.02	8.54 (2.71, 26.94) 0.00	5.42	(4.00, 9.01) 0.03	7.07 (3.74, 13.38) 0.01 ^∞6.78 (3.4-10.3)
CD4 count (cells/mm^3)
≤200	2.67	(1.83, 3.90) 0.00	2.71 (2.01, 3.66) 0.00	2.38	(1.69, 3.36) 0.00	2.57 (1.93, 3.42) 0.00	2.68	(1.57, 4.59) 0.00	2.46 (1.60, 3.77) 0.00	2.74	(1.87, 4.00) 0.00	2.7 (2.0, 3.64) 0.01 ^∞2.6 (2.2-3.0)
>201 (ref.)	1
HIVDR
Yes	10.2	(4.31, 18.4) 0.03	9.42 (12.52, 6.64) 0.021	9.21	(4.31, 14.62) 0.01	8.29 (5.81, 12.42) 0.002	9.67	(5.44, 13.01) 0.00	11.01 (7.22, 15.81) 0.002	10.62	(7.51, 13.74) 0.01	10.31 (7.41, 13.92) 0.001 ^∞10.02 (6.91, 13.82)
No (ref.)	1
Viral suppression
Suppressed (ref.)	1
Not suppressed	4.21	(2.37, 6.41) 0.00	3.92 (1.90, 5.63) 0.00	4.62	(2.51, 6.32) 0.00	5.32 (2.61, 8.22) 0.01	3.22	(1.37, 5.68) 0.00	5.26 (2.54, 7.62) 0.02	4.41	(2.36, 6.72)	3.81 (1.76, 5.51), 0.00 ∞4.66 (2.53,6.72)

Key: variables with value > 0.2 for CHR during either of the cohorts were excluded from the table. Ref.: reference categories were selected as the least risk groups according to the different literatures [8, 9, 36, 49, 50, 53]. ^∞Pooled estimate of aHR (i.e., for the cohorts initiating HAART by 2007 and 2010 for bedridden. We considered all cohorts for CD4 cells/mm³ and poor adherence.