IgA-Type Enterovirus Antibodies Are Increased among Adults and Children with Recently Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes
Table 1
Characteristics of the study populations.
Characteristics
Control ()
T1D ()
values
Gender (female/male)
29 (46.8%)
29 (46.8%)
1
Age at the time of study (y)
13.9 (8.0–21.9)
13.9 (7.9–22.4)
0.9741
Age groups
1
0–18.9 years
36 (58.1%)
36 (58.1%)
19–35.9 years
26 (41.9%)
26 (41.9%)
HLA genotype risk group
1
Increased risk
25 (40.3%)
25 (40.3%)
Neutral
23 (37.1%)
23 (37.1%)
Decreased risk
14 (22.6%)
14 (22.6%)
PTPN22 (rs2476601)
0.1692
CC
44 (71.0%)
37 (59.7%)
CT
18 (29.0%)
22 (35.5%)
TT
0 (0.0%)
3 (4.8%)
IFIH1 (rs1990760)
0.1599
AA
20 (32.3%)
30 (48.4%)
AG
35 (56.5%)
25 (40.3%)
GG
7 (11.3%)
7 (11.3%)
Autoantibodies (AAB)
GADA
0 (0.0%)
52 (83.9%)
IA2A
0 (0.0%)
35 (56.5%)
ZnT8A
0 (0.0%)
40 (64.5%)
Positive for 1 AAB
0 (0.0%)
14 (22.6%)
Positive for 2 AAB
0 (0.0%)
19 (30.6%)
Positive for 3 AAB
0 (0.0%)
25 (40.3%)
Ketoacidosis
—
24a (38.7%)
Ketonuria
—
45b (72.6%)
Weight loss
—
40c (64.5%)
Season of sampling
0.4625
September-February
40 (64.5%)
35 (56.5%)
March-August
22 (35.5%)
27 (43.5%)
The subjects were matched by gender, age, and HLA. Due to the high variability of HLA genotypes in the study groups, three main HLA genotype risk groups were distinguished. Nonparametric data are presented as the number of persons in the group and a percentage in a column. Numerical data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Differences in the characteristics between controls and participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were calculated with the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann-Whitney test, and values are presented. aKetoacidosis data missing: participant with T1D. bKetonuria data missing: participants with T1D. cWeight loss data missing: participant with T1D.
