[Retracted] The Impact of Seeding Density and Nitrogen Rates on Forage Yield and Quality of Avena sativa L

Table 5

Fixed and variable costs of production for forage oat.

Operation/input	No. of operations/ha	Rate per unit (PKR)	Cost per unit (PKR)
Land preparation
Ploughing	2	2000 ha^-1	4000 ha^-1
Planking	1	1500 ha^-1	1500 ha^-1
Sowing
Seed/sowing
Drill sowing		2500 ha^-1	2500 ha^-1
Irrigation
Irrigation charges	3 irrigations	1000	3000
Labor cost for irrigation	1 man for 3 times	500 per day	1500
Fertilizer
Nitrogen from urea
Phosphorus from single super phosphate	80 kg	111 kg^-1	8888
Plant protection measures	Weeding		1000
Harvesting
Labor charges for harvesting	7 men	500 per men	3500
Land rent	6 months	30250 ha^-1	15125
Total fixed cost			41013

: variable cost of seed, : variable cost of nitrogen.