Cortisol Awakening Response and Stress in Female Nurses on Monthly Shift Rotations: A Longitudinal Study

Table 3

Influence of study variables on CAR.

Independent variables	CARi	Cortisol levels upon waking	Cortisol levels 30mins after waking
Fixed effect
Level 1
Intercept	11.02	3.96	15.16
Shift
Evening vs day	-0.50	-0.06	-0.56
Night vs day	-3.41	-0.52	-3.88
Night vs evening	-2.92	-0.45	-3.31
Work stress
Personal reactions	-0.02	0.01	-0.01
Work concerns	-0.01	-0.01	-0.02
Work competence	0.01	-0.03	-0.02
Inability to complete personal tasks	0.07	0.09	0.15
Level 2
Age	-0.18	-0.01	-0.19
Religion
Buddhism/Taoism^a	0.38	0.53	0.93
Christianity/Catholicism^a	0.24	-0.67	-0.42
Marital status (single or divorced) ^b	0.99	3.22	4.22
Educational background (university or above) ^c	1.19	0.53	1.74
Years of service
3-5 years ^d	-0.57	0.77	0.20
5-7 years ^d	0.14	0.44	0.56
Over 7 years ^d	0.33	-0.09	0.19
Random effect
Level 2 (variance component between groups)	8.84	6.03	18.99
Level 1 (variance component within group)	9.99	5.03	13.11

; ; . ^a Religion as the reference group. ^b Married as the reference group. ^c Junior college as the reference group. ^d 1-3 years of service as the reference group.