Comparison of the Effects of Abdominal Massage and Oral Administration of Sweet Almond Oil on Constipation and Quality of Life among Elderly Individuals: A Single-Blind Clinical Trial

Table 4

Comparison of the three groups regarding the eight items of CAS before and after the intervention.

Item	Group	Control	Abdominal massage with almond oil	Oral consumption of almond oil	value
		Abdominal distension or bloating	Before					0.94
After					<0.0001
Change in the amount of gas passed rectally	Before				0.81
	After			0	<0.0001
Less frequent bowel movement	Before				0.02
	After				<0.0001
Oozing liquid stool	Before				0.97
	After	0	0	0	1
Rectal fullness or pressure	Before				0.42
	After				0.03
Rectal pain with bowel movement	Before				0.005
	After				0.01
The small volume of stool	Before				0.34
	After				<0.0001
Unable to pass stool	Before				0.59
	After				<0.0001

Kruskal-Wallis test.