Neurological Effects of Combining Low Toxic Dose of Tramadol and Nicotine: An Animal Model Evidence of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

<div>Immunohistochemical staining sections of the brain hippocampus of six groups showing different expressions of CHOP antibodies with the lowest expression in G1 (high-dose tramadol) and G6 (normal control). Caspase-8 antibody is negative in all groups showing only focal positivity in G1 (high-dose tramadol) and G6 (normal control). P53 antibody is negative in all groups except showing mild positivity in G4 (nicotine) and G5 (Olanzapine). (×400 all).</div>

BioMed Research International

fig5

Figure 5

Figure 5: Neurological Effects of Combining Low Toxic Dose of Tramadol and Nicotine: An Animal Model Evidence of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 