Neurological Effects of Combining Low Toxic Dose of Tramadol and Nicotine: An Animal Model Evidence of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Figure 8

The quantitively expressed caspase 8 and BIP chaperone. The highest expressions were demonstrated in the nicotine group reflecting ER stress in rat brain samples with less expressions in the combined regimen. H correspond to high-dose tramadol and L corresponds to low-dose tramadol.