Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Survey in the Philippines
Table 1
Characteristics of participants according to the body mass index by chi-square tests.
Variables†
Total () (%)
Overweight/obese () (%)
Normal weight () (%)
Chronic energy deficiency‡ () (%)
value
Sex
<0.001
Male
50.0
44.2
53.3
47.4
Female
50.0
55.8
46.7
52.6
Age group
<0.001
20–39 years
45.8
39.3
49.1
46.2
40–59 years
38.9
47.8
36.4
28.3
≥60 years
15.3
12.9
14.5
25.5
Educational levels
<0.001
≤Elementary
31.9
23.9
33.9
42.0
High school
38.3
39.6
38.2
35.6
≥College
29.8
36.5
27.9
22.3
Marital status
<0.001
Single
23.2
15.7
25.2
32.2
Married
67.2
75.8
65.7
52.3
Others
9.6
8.5
9.1
15.5
Employment status
<0.001
Employed
60.1
61.3
61.2
50.6
Unemployed
39.9
38.7
38.8
49.4
Household size
0.084
1–3
33.2
33.7
32.7
34.4
4–6
44.5
45.4
44.5
41.6
≥7
22.3
20.8
22.8
24.0
Wealth quintile
<0.001
Poorest
17.3
9.5
19.4
27.0
Poor
19.3
15.4
20.5
23.6
Middle
20.6
19.3
21.2
21.2
Rich
21.2
24.7
20.4
16.1
Richest
21.5
31.1
18.5
12.1
Current smoker
<0.001
Yes
27.1
19.5
30.0
32.3
No
72.9
80.5
70.0
67.7
Current alcohol drinker
0.001
Yes
51.6
50.1
53.6
45.3
No
48.4
49.9
46.4
54.7
Physical activity
0.005
Low
43.3
45.6
41.6
46.5
High
56.7
54.4
58.4
53.5
Values are weighted percentages (%). †Variables with missing observations: educational levels (), smoking and drinking status (), and physical activity classification ().‡Chronic energy deficiency (CED) also refers to being underweight and is defined as a body mass kg/m2.
