Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Survey in the Philippines

Table 2

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, micronutrient deficiency, and their combination according to the body mass index by chi-square tests.

Variables^†	Total () (%)	Overweight/obese () (%)	Normal weight () (%)	Chronic energy deficiency^‡ () (%)	value
MetS components (MetS)
Abdominal obesity	11.9	36.1	1.9	0.2	<0.001
Hyperglycemia	20.3	29.6	16.9	13.6	<0.001
Hypertension	32.9	46.3	28.1	23.2	<0.001
High triglycerides	39.6	55.0	35.3	21.2	<0.001
Low HDL cholesterol	70.3	79.3	67.7	60.8	<0.001
MetS (≥3 of the above factors)	24.6	47.2	16.5	7.6	<0.001
Micronutrient deficiency (MnD)
Anemia (yes)	6.5	4.7	6.4	11.8	<0.001
Vitamin A deficiency (yes)	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.368
Iodine insufficiency (yes)	23.8	20.2	24.8	28.6	<0.001
MnD (≥1 type)	28.5	23.8	29.3	36.4	<0.001
MetS+MnD	7.5	12.7	5.6	3.6	<0.001

MetS: metabolic syndrome; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; MnD: micronutrient deficiency. Values are weighted percentages (%). ^†Metabolic syndrome component variables with missing observation as follows: abdominal obesity (), hyperglycemia (), hypertension (), and high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol (). ^‡Chronic energy deficiency (CED) also refers to being underweight and is defined as a body mass  kg/m².