Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Survey in the Philippines
Table 3
Prevalence of different phenotypes of malnutrition based on related determinants by chi-square tests ().
Variables
Healthy and Nw (%)
Ow/Ob/CED/MetS/MnD (%)
Nw
Ow/Ob
CED
value
MetS+MnD (%)
MetS (%)
MnD (%)
MetS+MnD (%)
MetS (%)
MnD (%)
MetS+MnD (%)
Size of the sample () (weighted %)
5685 (35.5)
6624 (39.5)
680 (3.3)
1709 (10.2)
544 (3.3)
689 (3.8)
93 (0.4)
712 (3.7)
90 (0.4)
—
Sex
Male
38.7
40.0
3.1
9.0
2.6
2.6
0.5
3.1
0.3
<0.001
Female
32.2
38.9
3.5
11.4
3.9
4.9
0.4
4.2
0.5
Age group
20–39 years
44.9
39.7
1.0
7.1
2.8
1.6
0.1
2.7
0.2
<0.001
40–59 years
29.5
39.5
4.1
13.4
4.1
5.6
0.5
3.0
0.3
≥60 years
22.3
38.8
8.4
11.5
2.6
5.3
1.3
8.4
1.5
Educational levels
≤Elementary
32.5
40.4
5.0
8.0
2.3
4.0
0.9
5.9
0.8
<0.001
High school
37.2
38.9
2.8
10.2
3.8
3.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
≥College
36.4
39.3
2.2
12.6
3.7
3.6
0.1
2.1
0.0
Marital status
Single
44.5
40.3
1.6
5.9
1.8
1.3
0.2
4.1
0.3
<0.001
Married
33.7
39.5
3.3
11.7
3.8
4.4
0.5
2.8
0.3
Others
26.4
37.2
7.7
10.1
3.3
5.1
0.8
8.2
1.3
Employment status
Employed
36.9
39.6
2.9
10.4
3.2
3.4
0.4
2.8
0.3
<0.001
Unemployed
33.3
39.3
4.0
9.9
3.4
4.2
0.5
5.0
0.6
Household size
1–3
33.5
38.6
4.2
10.4
3.6
4.2
0.5
4.3
0.7
<0.001
4–6
35.3
40.3
3.1
10.8
3.2
3.6
0.4
3.1
0.3
≥7
38.7
39.2
2.5
8.8
2.9
3.4
0.4
3.8
0.2
Wealth quintile
Poorest
36.5
42.8
3.2
4.7
2.2
2.5
0.8
6.7
0.6
<0.001
Poor
36.0
40.2
3.7
7.5
3.0
3.6
0.8
4.5
0.6
Middle
36.2
39.3
3.8
9.1
3.0
4.1
0.3
3.8
0.4
Rich
35.7
37.4
3.4
12.9
3.9
3.9
0.3
2.4
0.2
Richest
33.2
38.3
2.5
15.4
4.1
4.4
0.1
1.6
0.2
Current smoker
Yes
40.0
38.8
3.1
8.3
1.8
2.4
0.7
4.3
0.6
<0.001
No
33.6
39.6
3.5
11.0
3.8
4.4
0.4
3.4
0.3
Current drinker
Yes
39.1
38.8
2.5
10.0
3.1
3.1
0.4
2.7
0.3
<0.001
No
31.4
40.0
4.4
10.5
3.4
4.6
0.5
4.7
0.5
Physical activity
Low
34.6
39.2
3.6
11.0
3.1
3.9
0.4
3.9
0.4
0.232
High
36.1
39.4
3.3
9.6
3.3
3.8
0.5
3.6
0.4
Nw: normal weight; Ow/Ob: overweight or obese; CED: chronic energy deficiency; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MnD: micronutrient deficiency. Values are weighted percentages (%).
