Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Survey in the Philippines
Table 4
Factors associated with the different phenotypes of malnutrition among overweight/obese and chronic energy-deficient adults by multinomial logistic regression,†.
Ow/Ob
CED
MetS ()
MnD ()
MetS+MnD ()
MetS ()
MnD ()
MetS+MnD ()
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Female (ref = male)
1.34 (1.14, 1.56)
1.34 (1.02, 1.76)
1.77 (1.37, 2.29)
1.14 (0.65, 2.01)
1.29 (1.01, 1.66)
1.98 (1.00, 3.90)
Age group (ref = 20–39)
40–59 years
2.68 (2.21, 3.26)
1.98 (1.57, 2.49)
4.82 (3.67, 6.32)
3.94 (1.74, 8.92)
2.02 (1.52, 2.68)
1.98 (0.67, 5.86)
≥60 years
3.05 (2.43, 3.83)
1.64 (1.16, 2.32)
5.41 (3.83, 7.65)
14.25 (5.94, 34.19)
5.64 (4.10, 7.77)
10.20 (3.68, 28.29)
Educational levels
≤Elementary (ref)
High school
1.32 (1.12, 1.56)
1.76 (1.34, 2.32)
1.14 (0.90, 1.45)
0.55 (0.28, 1.05)
0.80 (0.63, 1.02)
0.73 (0.42, 1.28)
≥College
1.40 (1.07, 1.81)
1.67 (1.19, 2.33)
1.19 (0.88, 1.60)
0.31 (0.11, 0.89)
0.74 (0.54, 1.02)
0.11 (0.03, 0.42)
Marital status (ref = single)
Married
1.77 (1.41, 2.23)
2.39 (1.70, 3.37)
2.09 (1.45, 3.00)
0.65 (0.30, 1.42)
0.45 (0.34, 0.60)
0.50 (0.18, 1.34)
Others
1.42 (1.05, 1.93)
2.19 (1.38, 3.47)
1.96 (1.31, 2.95)
0.75 (0.28, 1.99)
0.75 (0.52, 1.08)
0.80 (0.29, 2.17)
Employment status (ref = employed)
Unemployed
0.98 (0.83, 1.14)
1.09 (0.86, 1.37)
1.12 (0.90, 1.38)
1.30 (0.71, 2.38)
1.80 (1.44, 2.25)
1.49 (0.79, 2.79)
Household size (ref = 1–3)
4–6
0.96 (0.81, 1.12)
0.77 (0.61, 0.98)
0.82 (0.66, 1.01)
1.17 (0.70, 1.96)
0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
0.65 (0.37, 1.16)
≥7
0.82 (0.66, 1.00)
0.76 (0.57, 1.03)
0.91 (0.69, 1.19)
1.11 (0.58, 2.15)
1.09 (0.83, 1.44)
0.43 (0.19, 0.98)
Wealth quintile (ref = poorest)
Poor
1.48 (1.10, 1.99)
1.33 (0.96, 1.84)
1.52 (1.04, 2.21)
1.19 (0.69, 2.04)
0.74 (0.56, 0.97)
1.33 (0.71, 2.50)
Middle
1.66 (1.24, 2.21)
1.19 (0.82, 1.73)
1.65 (1.12, 2.43)
0.48 (0.25, 0.92)
0.60 (0.45, 0.82)
1.03 (0.53, 2.00)
Rich
2.61 (1.93, 3.53)
1.64 (1.14, 2.36)
1.73 (1.15, 2.62)
0.48 (0.23, 1.03)
0.37 (0.26, 0.52)
0.50 (0.19, 1.30)
Richest
3.05 (2.19, 4.24)
1.82 (1.25, 2.65)
1.96 (1.28, 2.99)
0.40 (0.14, 1.21)
0.31 (0.21, 0.48)
0.89 (0.31, 2.58)
Nonsmoker (ref = smoker)
1.15 (0.96, 1.37)
2.07 (1.50, 2.85)
1.38 (0.97, 1.95)
0.69 (0.43, 1.10)
0.70 (0.56, 0.87)
0.56 (0.33, 0.96)
Nondrinker (ref = drinker)
0.96 (0.83, 1.13)
0.93 (0.73, 1.18)
1.05 (0.84, 1.31)
1.00 (0.58, 1.72)
1.66 (1.31, 2.10)
1.37 (0.77, 2.42)
Low physical activity (ref = high)
1.07 (0.91, 1.25)
0.87 (0.70, 1.08)
0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
1.05 (0.64, 1.73)
0.92 (0.75, 1.14)
0.82 (0.46, 1.46)
Ow/Ob: overweight or obese; CED: chronic energy deficiency; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MnD: micronutrient deficiency. Values are odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). If the 95% CI does not include 1.0, it means statistically significant. †All models were controlled for variables shown in the first column. Reference category: healthy and normal weight ().
